“Five-year-old children have acquired most consonants within their ambient language; however, individual variability should be considered” (McLeod & Crowe, 2018, p. 1546).
McLeod, S. & Crowe, K. (2018). Children’s consonant acquisition in 27 languages: A cross-linguistic review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27, 1546-1571. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-17-0100
This article received the annual American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology Editor’s Award.
Crowe, K., & McLeod, S. (2020). Children's English consonant acquisition in the United States: A review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-19-00168
English around the world (4 posters)
Information in these posters is based on 15 studies of 7,369 children speaking English in Australia, Republic of Ireland, Malaysia, South Africa, United Kingdom, and United States (McLeod & Crowe, 2018)
English in the United States (4 posters)
Information in these posters is based on 15 studies of 18,907 children in the United States (Crowe & McLeod, 2020)
McLeod, S. (2024). Learning English consonants. Charles Sturt University. http://www.csu.edu.au/research/multilingual-speech/
