Multilingual Children's Speech
Speech-language pathologists frequently use data regarding children’s speech acquisition.
The table below includes journal articles and theses that provide data on the age typically developing children acquire consonants, consonant clusters, vowels, and tones. Inclusion in the table does not indicate endorsement or guarantee the rigor of the research.
In addition to the list below, the Speech acquisition summary page provides an overview of speech acquisition across languages. If you know of additional studies regarding the age of acquisition of consonants, consonant clusters, vowels, or tones please contact us.
| Language (Dialect) | Reference | No. of participants | Acquisition data | Access information | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans | Lotter, E. (1974). Die ontwikkeling en toetsing van artikulasievermoëns by die Afrikaanssprekende kind [The development and assessment of articulation abilities in Afrikaans-speaking children]. Journal of the South African Speech and Hearing Association, 21(1), 33–42. | 999 | C, CC | ||
Afrikaans | Pringle, C., Le Roux, M., Geertsema, S., & Graham, M. (2022). Die verwerwing van Afrikaanse foneme deur kinders 24–72 maande [The acquisition of Afrikaans phonemes in children aged 24-72 months]. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe [Journal of Humanities], 62(2), 330–362. | 120 | C, CC, V | ||
Akan | Amoako, W. K. (2020). Assessing phonological development among Akan-speaking children. (MA thesis, University of British Columbia). | 9 | C, V, T, WWM | ||
Akan | Amoako, W. K., & Stemberger, J. P. (2022a). Acquisition of variability in Akan phonology: Labio-palatalized consonants and front rounded vowels. Journal of Child Language, 49 (5), 979–1007. | 9 | C | ||
Akan | Amoako, W. K., Stemberger, J. P., Bernhardt, B. H., & Tessier, A. M. (2020). Acquisition of consonants among typically developing Akan-speaking children: A preCcliminary report. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(6), 626–636. | 9 | C | ||
Arabic -Egyptian | Abou-Elsaad, T., Afsah, O., & Rabea, M. (2019). Identification of phonological processes in Arabic–speaking Egyptian children by single-word test. Journal of Communication Disorders, 77, 80-93. | 150 | phonological processes | ||
Arabic -Jordanian | Amayreh, M. M. (2003). Completion of the consonant inventory of Arabic. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46(3), 517-529. | 60 | C | ||
Arabic -Jordanian | Amayreh, M. M., & Dyson, A. T. (1998). The acquisition of Arabic consonants. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41(3), 642-653. | 180 | C, PCC | ||
Arabic -Jordanian | Amayreh, M. M., & Dyson, A. T. (2000). Phonetic inventories of young Arabic-speaking children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 14(3), 193-215. | 13 | C, V | ||
Arabic -Jordanian | Dyson, A. T., & Amayreh, M. M. (2000). Phonological errors and sound changes in Arabic-speaking children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 14(2), 79-109. | 50 | C | ||
Arabic -Jordanian | Hamdan, J. M., & Amayreh, M. M. (2007). Consonant profile of Arabic-speaking school-age children in Jordan. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 59(2), 55-64. | 100 | C | ||
Arabic -Lebanese | Assaf, J. (2016). Étude des erreurs phonologiques chez les enfants libanais bilingues à développement typique et ayant un trouble spécifique du langage âgés entre 3 ans et demi et 7 ans et demi. Master’s thesis, Université Saint-Joseph, Lebanon. | 226 | C, CC, V, PCC, PVC, pMLU | - | |
Arabic -Lebanese | Chami, N., Kern, S. & Messarra, C. (2020). Development of phonetic complexity in multilingual Lebanese children. In E. Babatsouli (Ed.). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monolingual and Bilingual Speech (pp. 14-20). University of Louisiana at Lafayette | 16 | C, CC, V | - | |
Arabic -Lebanese | Chamoun, Z. (2016). L’effet de la complexité phonologique sur le développement de la phonologie chez les enfants libanais bilingues à développement typique âgés entre 3 ans et demi et 7 ans et demi. Master’s thesis, Université Saint-Joseph, Lebanon. | 212 | C, CC, V, PCC, PVC, pMLU | - | |
Arabic -Lebanese | Khattab, G. (2006). Phonological acquisition in Arabic–English bilingual children. In Z. Hua and B. Dodd (Eds.), Phonological development and disorders: A cross-linguistic perspective (pp. 383–412). Multilingual Matters. | 3 | C | - | |
Arabic -Lebanese | Khattab, G. & Al-Tamimi, J. (2015). The acquisition of gemination in Lebanese-Arabic children. 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences., Glasgow, United Kingdom. | 5 | C | ||
Arabic -Lebanese | Koury, Y. (2018). L’effet de la complexité phonologique sur les productions des enfants libanais bilingues, ayant un trouble du langage oral, âgés entre 3 ans et demi et 7 ans et demi, à partir de l’épreuve de répétition de non-mots. Master’s thesis, Université Saint-Joseph, Lebanon. | 82 | C, CC, V, PCC, PVC, pMLU | - | |
Arabic -Lebanese | Salameh, E. K., Nettelbladt, U., & Norlin, K. (2003). Assessing phonologies in bilingual Swedish-Arabic children with and without language impairment. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 19(3),338–364. | 30 | C, CC, phonological processes | ||
Arabic -Egyptian | Bahgat M. B. A., Khaled A. M., Adel Aziz A, Osman D.M. & Azab S. N. (2012). Studying some elicited verbal prosodic patterns in Egyptian children. The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology, 28, 242–250 | 40 | Prosody | ||
Arabic -Egyptian | Elrefaie, D. A., Hegazi, M. A. E. F., El-Mahallawi, M. M., & Khodeir, M. S. (2021). Descriptive analysis of the development of the Arabic speech sounds among typically developing colloquial Egyptian Arabic-speaking children. The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology, 37(1), 1-11. | 360 | C, V | ||
Arabic -Egyptian | Saleh, M., Shoeib, R., Hegazi, M., & Ali, P. (2007). Early phonological development in Arabic Egyptian children: 12–30 months. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 59(5), 234-240. | 30 | C, phonological processes | ||
Arabic - Kuwaiti | Alqattan, S. (2015). Early phonological acquisition by Kuwaiti Arabic children [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], University of Newcastle upon Tyne. | 70 | C | ||
Arabic - Kuwaiti | Ayyad, H. (2011). Phonological development of typically developing Kuwaiti Arabic-speaking preschoolers. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of British Columbia, Canada. | 80 | C, word shapes | ||
Arabic - Kuwaiti | Ayyad, H., & Bernhardt, B. M. (2009). Phonological development in Kuwaiti Arabic: A preliminary report. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 23(11), 794–807. | 2 (+ 1 SSD, hearing loss) | C, word shapes | ||
Arabic - Kuwaiti | Ayyad, H., Bernhardt, B.M., & Stemberger, J.P. (2016). Kuwaiti Arabic: Acquisition of singleton consonants. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 51(5), 531-545. | 80 | C, word shapes | ||
Azerbaijani/ | Mirzaee. M., & Khoshhal, Z. (2019). Development of syllable Structure in Azeri-speaking children. Pajouhan Scientific Journal, 18(1), 30–36. | 17 | Syllable structure | ||
Azerbaijani/ | Nojavan-Pirehyousefan, H., Zarifian, T., Ahmadi, A., & Pascoe, M. (2022). Speech sound acquisition in Azeri Turkish-speaking children in Iran. Journal of Communication Disorders, 99, 106244. | 150 | C, V, WWP, PCC, PVC | ||
Bulgarian Spanish - Granada Portuguese - European Icelandic Slovenian German French - Canadian | Bernhardt, B. May, Stemberger, J. P., Bérubé, D., Ciocca, V., Freitas, M. J., Ignatova, D., Kogovšek, D., Lundeborg Hammarström, I., Másdóttir, T., Ozbič, M., Perez, D., Ramalho, M.. (2020). 12. Identification of protracted phonological development across languages: the whole word match and basic mismatch measures. In E. Babatsouli & M. J. Ball (Eds.). An anthology of bilingual child phonology (pp. 274-308). Multilingual Matters. | 333 | WWM | ||
Bulgarian | Bernhardt, et al. (2019). Bulgarian consonant acquisition in preschoolers with typical versus protracted phonological development. Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech, 1(2), 143–181. | 60 | C, PCM | ||
Bulgarian | Blajev & Popova, (1995). Чудесата на детската реч. [The wonders of children’s speech]. Tilia. | 111 | C | - | |
Bulgarian | Georgov (1908). Развой на детския говор. [Development of children’s speech]. Periodical Journal of the Bulgarian Book Society, IXIX, 253–279. | 2 | Mismatches | - | |
Bulgarian | Ignatova, D., Bernhardt, B. M., & Marinova-Todd, S. (2022). The influence of word stress on segmental and cluster match: A Bulgarian three-year-old with protracted phonological development. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 36(8), 738–750. | 1 | С, СС, PVM, PCM, WWM, WSM | ||
Bulgarian | Ignatova, D., Bernhardt, B. M., Marinova-Todd, S., & Stemberger, J. P. (2018). Word-initial trill clusters in children with typical versus protracted phonological development: Bulgarian. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 32(5-6), 506-522. | 60 | CC, (C), WWM | ||
Bulgarian | Shtereva (2011). Universality and specificity of phonological awareness by Bulgarian children. Journal of International Scientific Publication: Educational Alternatives, 9(2), 181–190. | 227 | Phonological awareness, rapid automatic naming | - | |
Bulgarian | Stoyanova (2011). Ранно езиково развитие., От първите звукови последователности до многословни изказвания. [Early language development: From the first sound sequences to long utterances]. Romel. | 5 | C, CC, WWP | - | |
Bulgarian | Todorova (2013). Специфични артикулационни нарушения през детството. [Specific articulation disabilities in childhood]. University Press of New Bulgarian University. | 610 | Mismatches | - | |
Bulgarian | Tsenova (1997). Теоретични и клинични аспекти на особеностите в развитието на артикулацията в предучилищна възраст: ІІ. Честота на разпространение на вариантите в развитието на нормална и патологична артикулация. [Theoretical and clinical aspects of the peculiarities in the development of articulation in preschool age: ІІ. Frequency of distribution of variants in the development of normal and pathological articulation]. Journal of Special Education, 2, 72–81. | 1301 | Mismatches | - | |
Cantonese | Cheung, P. (1990). The acquisition of Cantonese phonology in Hong Kong: A cross-sectional study [Unpublished Honours thesis]. University College London. | 155 | C, V, T | - | |
Cantonese | Mok, P. P. K., Li, V. G., & Fung, H. S. H. (2020). Development of phonetic contrasts in Cantonese tone acquisition. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(1), 95-108. | 159 | T (acoustic) | ||
Cantonese | So, L. K., & Dodd, B. J. (1995). The acquisition of phonology by Cantonese-speaking children. Journal of Child Language, 22(3), 473-495. | 268 | C, V, T | ||
Cantonese | Stokes, S. F., & To, C. K. S. (2002). Feature development in Cantonese. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 16(6), 443-459. | 122 | C (distinctive features) | ||
Cantonese | Stokes, S. F., & Wong, I. M. (2002). Vowel and diphthong development in Cantonese-speaking children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 16(8), 597-617. | 40 | V (distinctive features) | ||
Cantonese | Tse, A. C. Y. (1993). The development of a phonological System in Cantonese: A case report. In The proceedings of the twenty-fifth annual Child Language Research Forum (pp. 287-296). Center for the Study of Language and Information. | 1 | C, V, T | - | |
Cantonese | Tse, J. K. P. (1978). Tone acquisition in Cantonese: A longitudinal case study. Journal of Child Language, 5(2), 191-204. | 1 | T | ||
Cantonese | Wong, W., & Stokes, S. F. (2001). Cantonese consonantal development: Towards a nonlinear account. Journal of Child Language, 28(1), 195-212. | 8 | C (distinctive features) | ||
Danish | Clausen, M. C., & Fox-Boyer, A. V. (2017). The phonological development of Danish-speaking children: A normative cross-sectional study. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 31(6), 440-458. | 443 | C, V, CC, PCC, PVC | ||
Danish | Grønborg, A., Epstein, A. G., Køhler, I., Olsen, H. S., Top-Jensen, K., & Rosenbeck, B. (1983). A standardized Danish phonological Test. Nordisk tidsskrift for logopædi og foniatri, 8(1), 20-34. | 1176 | C, CC | - | |
Danish | Holmer, D., & Pedersen, S. (2017). “Skal han ku’ sige k”? En empirisk undersøgelse af konsonantinventaret hos dansksprogede børn på to år undersøgt med TEFF-2 [“Should he be able to say k?” An empirical investigation of the consonant inventory in Danish-speaking 2-year-olds assessed with the TEFF-2] [Master’s thesis, University of Copenhagen]. Copenhagen, Denmark. | 98 | C, CC, PCC | - | |
Danish | Jørgensen, P. E., & Bøgh, M. S. (2017). Den fonologiske udvikling hos danske børn i alderen 2;0-2;5 år [The phonological development in Danish-speaking children aged 2;0-2;5 years] [Master’s Thesis, University of Southern Denmark]. Odense, Denmark. | 54 | C, V, CC, PCC, PVC | - | |
Danish | Kjærbæk, L., Thomsen, D. B., Lambertsen, C., & Basbøll, H. (2015). Sonority and early words: The sonority syllable model applied to an acquisitional project with Danish children. Italian Journal of Linguistics, 27(1), 61-84. | 2 | C, CC | ||
Danish | Mahler, R., & Bødker, A. (2012). Fonologisk tilegnelsesrækkefølge af enkeltstående ordinitiale konsonantfonemer på dansk - en longitudinel undersøgelse af et tvillingepar i alderen 1;2.16 - 4;0.5 år [The phonological order of acquisition of word-initial consonants in Danish - a longitudinal investigation of a twin pair aged 1;2.16-4;0.5 years]. Working Papers in Language Acquisition, 16. | 2 | C | - | |
Danish | Willadsen, E. (2007). From babbling to meaningful speech in Danish children born with and without cleft lip and palate [PhD Thesis, University of Aarhus]. Aarhus, Denmark. | 41 | C, PCC | - | |
Drehu + French | Monnin, J. (2010). Influence de la langue ambiante sur l’acquisition phonologique: Une comparaison du français et du drehu [The impact of language environment on phonological acquisition: A comparison of French and Drehu]. Université de Grenoble; Université de Nouvelle Calédonie. [in French] | C, CC | |||
Dutch | Beers, M. (1995). The phonology of normally developing and language impaired children. [PhD thesis]. University of Amsterdam. | 90 | C, V | - | |
Dutch | Fikkert, P. (1994). On the acquisition of prosodic structure. [PhD thesis]. University of Leiden. | 12 | Acquisition of syllable structure and stress | - | |
Dutch | Jongstra, W. (2003). Variation in reduction strategies of Dutch word-initial consonant clusters. [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto. | 45 | CC | - | |
Dutch | Levelt, C. C. (1994). On the acquisition of place. HIL dissertations in Linguistics 8, The Hague: HAG. | 12 | V | - | |
Dutch | Stes, R. (1997). Articulatiestoornissen; fenomenen, oorzaken en behandeling, ACCO. | 480 | C, CC, V | - | |
Dutch | Van Haaften, L., Diepeveen, S., van den Engel-Hoek, E., de Swart, B., & Maassen, B. (2020). Speech sound development in typically developing 2–7-year-old Dutch- speaking children: A normative cross-sectional study. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 55(6), 971–987. | 1503 | C, V, PCC, PVC, syllable structure, phonological processes | ||
English | Dodd, B., Holm, A., Hua, Z., & Crosbie, S. (2003). Phonological development: A normative study of British-speaking children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 17(8), 617–643. | 71 from Scotland, 684 total | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC | ||
English - African American | Stockman, I. J. (2006b). Evidence for a minimal competence core of consonant sounds in the speech of African American children: A preliminary study. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 20(10), 723–749. | 7 | C, CC | ||
English - African American + General American | Horton–Ikard, R., & Weismer, S. E. (2005). Distinguishing African American English from developmental errors in the language production of toddlers. Applied Psycholinguistics, 26(4), 597-620. | 44 (22 African American English, 22 General American English) | C | ||
English - African American + General American | Macrae, T., Hoge, R., & Farquharson, K. (2022). Consonant cluster productions in preschool children who speak African American English. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 65(4), 1370-1385. | 22 | CC | ||
English - African American + General American | Pearson, B. Z., Velleman, S. L., Bryant, T. J., & Charko, T. (2009). Phonological milestones for African American English-speaking children learning mainstream American English as a second dialect Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 40(3), 229–244. | 854 (537 African American English, 317 General American English) | C, CC | ||
English - African American + General American | Pollock, K. E. & Berni, M. C. (1997). Acquisition of /r/ by African American and European American children. Presented at American Speech Language and Hearing Association Convention, Boston, MA. | 68 (34 African American English, 34 General American English) | C, V | ||
English - African American + General American | Pollock, K. E., & Berni, M. C. (2003). Incidence of non-rhotic vowel errors in children: Data from the Memphis vowel project. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 17(4-5),393-401. | 314 (164 (typical: 77 African American English, 87 General American English; atypical 38 African American English, 111General American English) | V, PCC, PVC | ||
English - African American + General American | Seymour, H. N., & Ralabate, P. K. (1985). The acquisition of a phonologic feature of Black English. Journal of Communication Disorders, 18(2), 135–148. | 80 (40 African American English, 40 General American English) | C | ||
English - African American + General American | Seymour, H. N., & Seymour, C. (1981). Black English and Standard American English contrasts in consonantal development for four- and five-year-olds. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46(3), 276–280. | 160 (80 African American English, 80 General American English) | C | ||
English - Appalachian | Davis, E. D. (1998). An examination of Appalachian dialectal syntactic and phonological features used by school-age children in east Tennessee. Unpublished master’s thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville. | 42 | Phonological features | ||
English - Appalachian | Flipsen, P., Jr, & Parker, R. G. (2006, June). Consonant accuracy in the speech of children acquiring Appalachian English (AppE). Presentation at the Child Phonology Group Meeting, Edmonton, Canada. | 8 | PCC, PVC | - | |
English - Australian | Ballard, K. J., Djaja, D., Arciuli, J., James, D. G. H., & van Doorn, J. (2012). Developmental trajectory for production of prosody: Lexical stress contrastivity in children ages 3 to 7 years and in adults. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(6), 1822–1835. | 73 (+24 adults) | prosody | ||
English - Australian | Block, S., & Killen, D. (1996). Speech rates of Australian English-speaking children and adults. Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, 24(1), 39–44. | 120 | Speech rate | ||
English - Australian | Chirlian, N. S., & Sharpley, C. F. (1982). Children’s articulation development: Some regional differences. Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, 10, 23–30. | 1357 | C | ||
English - Australian | Claessen, M., Beattie, T., Roberts, R., Leitao, S., Whitworth, A., & Dodd, B. (2017). Is two too early? Assessing toddlers’ phonology. Speech, Language and Hearing, 20(2), 91–101. | 69 | phonological awareness | ||
English - Australian | Claessen, M., Leitão, S., & Barrett, N. (2010). Investigating children’s ability to reflect on stored phonological representations: The Silent Deletion of Phonemes Task. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 45(4), 411–423. | 18 Australian + 24 British | PCC, PVC, phonological processes | ||
English - Australian | Dodd, B., & Gillon, G. (2001). Exploring the relationship between phonological awareness, speech impairment and literacy. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 139–147. | Summary of data | phonological awareness | ||
English - Australian | Dodd, B., & McIntosh, B. (2010). Two-year-old phonology: Impact of input, motor and cognitive abilities on development. Journal of Child Language, 37(5), 1027–1046. | 62 | PCC, PVC, PPC, perception, DDK, oromotor movements | ||
English - Australian | Hearnshaw, S., Baker, E., & Munro, N. (2018). The speech perception skills of children with and without speech sound disorder. Journal of Communication Disorders, 71, 61–71. | 25 | perception | ||
English - Australian | Hearnshaw, S., Baker, E., Pomper, R., McGregor, K. K., Edwards, J., & Munro, N. (2023). The relationship between speech perception, speech production, and vocabulary abilities in children: Insights from by-group and continuous analyses. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(4), 1173–1191. | 31 (+ 30 with SSD) | perception; vocabulary | ||
English - Australian | Hearnshaw, S., Baker, E., Pomper, R., McGregor, K. K., Edwards, J., & Munro, N. (2024). I remembered the chorm! Word learning abilities of children with and without phonological impairment. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 59(3), 913-931. | 31 (+ 18 with SSD) | perception, word learning | ||
English - Australian | Holm, A., Sanchez, K., Crosbie, S., Morgan, A., & Dodd, B. (2022). Is children’s speech development changing? Preliminary evidence from Australian English-speaking 3-year-olds. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24(4), 375–384. | 99 | C, phonological patterns | ||
English - Australian | Holm, A., van Reyk, O., Crosbie, S., De Bono, S., Morgan, A., & Dodd, B. (2022). Preschool children’s consistency of word production. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 37(3), 223–241. | 96 | Word consistency | ||
English - Australian | Ingram, J., Pittman, J., & Newman, D. (1985). Developmental and sociolinguistic variation in the speech of Brisbane school children. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 5, 233–246. | 97 | phonological patterns | ||
English - Australian | James, D. G. H. (2001). The use of phonological processes in Australian children aged 2 to 7:11 years. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 109–128. | 50 | phonological patterns | ||
English - Australian | James, D. G. H., van Doorn, J., & McLeod, S. (2001). Vowel production in mono-, di- and polysyllabic words in children aged 3;0 to 7;11 years. In L. Wilson & S. Hewat (Eds.), Proceedings of the Speech Pathology Australia National Conference (pp. 127–136). Speech Pathology Australia. | 354 | V | - | |
English - Australian | James, D., van Doorn, J., & McLeod, S. (2002). Segment production in mono-, di- and polysyllabic words in children aged 3–7 years. In F. Windsor, L. Kelly, & N. Hewlett (Eds.), Investigations in clinical phonetics and linguistics (pp. 287–298). Lawrence Erlbaum. | 354 | C | ||
English - Australian | James, D. G. H., van Doorn, J., McLeod, S., & Esterman, A. (2008). Patterns of consonant deletion in typically developing children aged 3 to 7 years. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 10(3), 179–192. | 240 | phonological patterns | ||
English - Australian | Kilminster, M. G. E., & Laird, E. M. (1978). Articulation development in children aged three to nine years. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 6, 23–30. | 1756 | C | ||
English - Australian | Lin, S., & Demuth, K. (2015). Children’s acquisition of English onset and coda /l/: Articulatory evidence. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 58(1), 13–27. | 25 | /l/ | ||
English - Australian | McIntosh, B., & Dodd, B. (2008). Two-year-olds’ phonological acquisition: Normative data. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 10(6), 460–469. | 62 | C, phonological processes | ||
English - Australian | McLeod, S., & Arciuli, J. (2009). School-aged children’s production of /s/ and /r/ consonant clusters. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 61(6), 336–341. | 74 | CC | ||
English - Australian | McLeod, S., & Hewett, S. R. (2008). Variability in the production of words containing consonant clusters by typical two- and three-year-old children. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 60, 163–172. | 16 | CC | ||
English - Australian | McLeod, S., Crowe, K., & Shahaeian, A. (2015). Intelligibility in Context Scale: Normative and validation data for English-speaking preschoolers. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 46(3), 266–276. | 803 | intell | ||
English - Australian | McLeod, S., van Doorn, J., & Reed, V. A. (2001). Consonant cluster development in two-year-olds: General trends and individual difference. Journal of Speech, Language, Hearing Research, 44, 1144–1171. | 16 | CC | ||
English - Australian | Neam, S. Y., Baker, E., Hodges, R., & Munro, N. (2020). Speech production abilities of 4- to 5-year-old children with and without a history of late talking: The tricky tyrannosaurus. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(2), 184–195. | 11 typical (+13 late talkers) | PCC, PVC, PPC, phonological processes, WWI, polysyllables | ||
English - Australian | Sanchez, K., Boyce, J. O., Mei, C., St John, M., Smith, J., Leembruggen, L., Mills, S., Spittle, A. J., & Morgan, A. T. (2020). Communication in children born very preterm: A prospective cohort study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 62, 506–512. | 105 (+112 preterm) | PCC, phonological processes | ||
English - Australian | Waring, R., Fisher, J., & Aitkin, N. (2001). The Articulation Survey: Putting numbers to it. In L. Wilson. & S. Hewat. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2001 Speech Pathology Australia national conference: Evidence and innovation (pp. 145–151). Speech Pathology Australia. | 299 | C, CC | - | |
English - Canadian | Kemp, N., Scott, J., Bernhardt, B. M., Johnson, C. E., Siegel, L. S., & Werker, J. F. (2017). Minimal pair word learning and vocabulary size: Links with later language skills. Applied Psycholinguistics, 38(2), 289-314. | 65 | V, C, word length, word stress | ||
English - Canadian | Mason, G. M., Goldstein, M. H., & Schwade, J. A. (2019). The role of multisensory development in early language learning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 183, 48-64. | 22 | Lexical match, word structure, features | ||
English - Canadian | Rvachew, S. (2007). Phonological processing and reading in children with speech sound disorders. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16, 260-270. | 65 | C, phonological awareness, speech perception | ||
English - General American English | Crowe, K., & McLeod, S. (2020). Children’s English consonant acquisition in the United States: A review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(4), 2155–2169. | 18,907 (review) | C, V, CC | ||
English - General American English | Arlt, P. B., & Goodban, M. T. (1976). A comparative study of articulation acquisition as based on a study of 240 normals, aged three to six. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 7, 173–180. | 240 | C | ||
English - General American English | Dyson, A. T. (1988). Phonetic inventories of 2- and 3-year-old children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 53, 89–93. | 20 | C | ||
English - General American English | Haelsig, P. C., & Madison, C. L. (1986). A study of phonological processes exhibited by 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 17, 107–114. | 50 | phonological processes | ||
English - General American English | Hoffman, K. A. (1982). Speech sound acquisition and natural process occurrence in the continuous speech of three-to-six-year-old children. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison. | 72 | PCC, phonological processes | - | |
English - General American English | Hustad, K. C., Mahr, T. J., Natzke, P. E., & Rathouz, P. J. (2021). Speech development between 30 and 119 months in typical children I: Intelligibility growth curves for single words and multiword productions. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(10), 3707-3719. \ | 538 | Intell | ||
English - General American English | Irwin, M. V., & Wong, S. P. (1983). Phonological development in children 18 to 72 months. Southern Illinois University Press. | 100 | C, V, features | - | |
English - General American English | Kehoe, M. (1997). Stress error patterns in English-speaking children’s word productions. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 11, 389–409. | 18 | Stress | ||
English - General American English | Lonigan, C. J., Burgess, S. R., Anthony, J. L., & Barker, T. A. (1998). Development of phonological sensitivity in 2- to 5-year-old children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 294–311. | 356 | Phonological sensitivity | ||
English - General American English | Lowe, R. J., Knutson, P. J., & Monson, M. A. (1985). Incidence of fronting in preschool children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 16, 119–123. | 1048 | phonological processes | ||
English - General American English | Olmsted, D. (1971). Out of the mouth of babes: Earliest stages in language learning. Mouton. | 100 | C, mismatch | ||
English - General American English | Otomo, K., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (1992). The acquisition of unrounded vowels in English. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 604–616. | 6 | V | ||
English - General American English | Pollock, K. E. (2002). Identification of vowel errors: Methodological issues and preliminary data from the Memphis Vowel Project. In M. J. Ball & F. E. Gibbon (Eds.), Vowel disorders (pp. 83–113). Butterworth Heinemann. | 162 in control group | PCC | - | |
English - General American English | Pollock, K. E., & Berni, M. C. (2003). Incidence of non-rhotic vowel errors in children: Data from the Memphis Vowel Project. Clinical Linguistic and Phonetics, 17, 393–401. | 165 in control group | PVC, mismatches | ||
English - General American English | Poole, I. (1934). The genetic development of articulation of consonant sounds in children’s speech. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | 140 | C | ||
English - General American English | Prather, E. M., Hedrick, D. L., & Kern, C. A. (1975). Articulation development in children aged 2–4 years. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 40, 179–191. | 147 | C | ||
English - General American English | Preisser, D. A., Hodson, B. W., & Paden, E. P. (1988). Developmental phonology: 18–29 months. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 53, 125–130. | 60 | phonological processes | ||
English - General American English | Robb, M. P., & Bleile, K. M. (1994). Consonant inventories of young children from 8 to 25 months. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 8, 295–320. | 7 | C | ||
English - General American English | Robbins, J., & Klee, T. (1987). Clinical assessment of oropharyngeal motor development in young children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 52, 271–277. | Oro-motor | |||
English - General American English | Roberts, J. E., Burchinal, M., & Footo, M. M. (1990). Phonological process decline from 2 1/2 to 8 years. Journal of Communication Disorders, 23, 205–217. | 145 | phonological processes | ||
English - General American English | Sax, M. R. (1972). A longitudinal study of articulation change. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 3, 41–48. | 417 | C | ||
English - General American English | Selby, J. C., Robb, M. P., & Gilbert, H. R. (2000). Normal vowel articulations between 15 and 30 months of age. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 14, 255–265. | 4 | V | ||
English - General American English | Smit, A. B. (1993a). Phonologic error distributions in the Iowa-Nebraska Articulation Norms Project: Consonant singletons. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 533–547. | 1014 | C | ||
English - General American English | Smit, A. B. (1993b). Phonologic error distributions in the Iowa-Nebraska Articulation Norms Project: Word-initial consonant clusters. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 931–947. | 1014 | CC | ||
English - General American English | Smit, A. B., Hand, L., Freilinger, J. J., Bernthal, J. E., & Bird, A. (1990). The Iowa Articulation Norms Project and its Nebraska replication. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 779–798. | 997 | C, CC | ||
English - General American English | Snow, D. (1994). Phrase-final syllable lengthening and intonation in early child speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 831–840. | 9 | Prosody | ||
English - General American English | Snow, K. (1963). A detailed analysis of articulation responses of ‘normal’ first grade children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 6(3), 277-290. | 438 | C, mismatches | ||
English - General American English | Soriano, J. U., Mahr, T. J., Rathouz, P. J., & Hustad, K. C. (2023). Intelligibility in Context Scale: Growth curves for typically developing English-speaking children between ages 2;6 and 9;11. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 32(5), 2021-2039. | 545 | Intell | ||
English - General American English | Stoel-Gammon, C. (1985). Phonetic inventories, 15-24 months: A longitudinal study. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 28, 505–512. | 34 | C | ||
English - General American English | Stoel-Gammon, C. (1987). Phonological skills of 2-year-olds. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 18, 323–329. | 34 | C, PCC, Word-and-syllable shape inventory | ||
English - General American English | Templin, M. C. (1957). Certain language skills in children (Monograph Series No. 26). University of Minnesota, The Institute of Child Welfare. | 480 | C, CC, V | ||
English - General American English | Watson, M. M., & Scukanec, G. P. (1997a). Phonological changes in the speech of two-year-olds: A longitudinal investigation. Infant-Toddler Intervention, 7, 67–77. | 12 | PCC, phonological processes | ||
English - General American English | Watson, M. M., & Scukanec, G. P. (1997b). Profiling the phonological abilities of 2-year-olds: A longitudinal investigation. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 13, 3–14. | 12 | C, PCC | ||
English - General American English | Wellman, B. L., Case, I. M., Mengert I. G., & Bradbury, D. E. (1931). Speech sounds of young children. University of Iowa studies in Child Welfare, Volume 5, No. 2. Iowa City: University of Iowa, The Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. | 204 | C, CC | ||
English - Irish | Hickey (1997). On the acquisition of Irish English phonology. In J. R. Dow & M. Wolff (Eds.), Languages and lives: Essays in honor of Werner Enninger (pp. 171–187). Peter Lang. | 3 | C, V, Phon processes | - | |
English - New Zealand | Ballard, E., Wilson, J., Campbell, S., Purdy, S. C., & Yee, T. (2011). Phonological development: Establishing norms for New Zealand children aged 5;0 to 5;11 years. New Zealand Journal of Speech-Language Therapy, 66, 66–79. | 106 | PCC, PVC, PPC | - | |
English - New Zealand | Moyle, J. (2005). The New Zealand Articulation Test norms project. New Zealand Journal of Speech-Language Therapy, 60, 61–74. | 1013 | C, CC, PCC | ||
English - Scottish | Matthews, B. M. (2001). On variability and the acquisition of vowels in normally developing Scottish children (18-36 months). [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh. | 7 | V | - | |
English - South African and Xhosa (isiXhosa) | Mowrer, D., & Burger, S. A. (1991). Comparative analysis of phonological acquisition of consonants in the speech of 2;5–6 year old Xhosa- and English-speaking children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 5,139–164. | 140 | C | ||
English - African American | Bland-Stewart, L. M. (2003). Phonetic inventories and phonological patterns of African American 2-year-olds: A preliminary investigation. Communication Disorders Quarterly,24(3), 109-112. | 8 | C, CC | ||
English - African American | Craig, H. K., & Washington, J. A. (2004). Grade-related changes in the production of African American English. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47(2), 450-463. | 400 | C, CC, PCC-R | ||
English - African American | Craig, H. K., Thompson, C.A., Washington, J.A., & Potter, S.L. (2003). Phonological features of child African American English. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46(3), 623-635. | 64 | C | ||
English - African American | Haynes, W. O., & Moran, M. J. (1989). A cross-sectional developmental study of final consonant production in Southern Black children from preschool through third grade. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 20(4), 400-406. | 222 | C | ||
English - African American | Hinton, L. N., Hinton, L.N., & Pollock, K. E. (2000). Regional variations in the phonological characteristics of African American Vernacular English. Word Englishes, 19(1), 39–58. | 22 | V | ||
English - African American | Kohn, M. E., Wolfram, W., Farrington, C., Renn, J., & van Hofwegan, J. (2021). Vowel variation across time and space. In African American language: Language development from infancy to adulthood (pp. 73-110). Cambridge University Press. | 20 | V | - | |
English - African American | Stockman, I. (1993). Variable word initial and medial consonant relationships in children’s speech sound articulation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 675–689. | 106 | C, CC | ||
English - African American | Stockman, I. J. (2006a). Alveolar segment bias in the final consonant deletion patterns of African American children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 37(2), 85-95. | 7 | C | ||
English - African American | Stockman, I. J. (2008). Toward validation of a minimal competence phonetic core for young African American children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(5), 1244-1262. | 120 | C, CC, PCC-R | ||
English - African American | Van Hofwegen, J., & Wolfram, W. (2010). Coming of age in African American English: A longitudinal study. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 14(4), 427-455. | 32 | C | ||
English - African American | Wolfram, W. (1989). Structural variability in phonological development: Final nasals in vernacular Black English. In R. Fasold, R., & D. Schiffren (Eds.), Current issues in linguistic theory: Language change and variation (pp. 301–332). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. | 12 | C | ||
English - English | Dodd, B. (1995). Children’s acquisition of phonology. In B. Dodd (Ed.), Differential diagnosis and treatment of speech disordered children (pp. 21–48). Whurr. | 5 | C, V | - | |
English - English | Dodd, B., Holm, A., Hua, Z., & Crosbie, S. (2003). Phonological development: A normative study of British-speaking children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 17(8), 617–643. | 684 | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC | ||
English - English | Roulstone, S., Loader, S., Northstone, K., & Beveridge, M. (2002). The speech and language of children aged 25 months: Descriptive data from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children. Early Child Development and Care, 172 (3), 259–268. | 1127 | Intell | ||
English - English | Wren, Y., McLeod, S., White, P., Miller, L. L., & Roulstone, S. (2013). Speech characteristics of 8-year-old children: Findings from a prospective population study. Journal of Communication Disorders, 46(1), 53–69. | 6,399 | C, CC, V, PCC, PVC | ||
English - English | Wren, Y., Tittertington, J., & White, P. (2021). How many words make a sample? Determining the minimum number of word tokens needed in connected speech samples for child speech assessment. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 35 (8), 761–778. | 776 | C, CC, V, PCC, PVC | ||
English - Fiji | Hopf, S. C., McLeod, S., & McDonagh, S. H. (2017). Validation of the Intelligibility in Context Scale for school students in Fiji. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 31(7–9), 487–502. | 65 | Intell | ||
English - Fiji | McAlister, H., McLeod, S., & Hopf, S. C. (2022). Fijian school students’ Fiji English speech sound acquisition. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. Advance online publication. | 72 | C, CC, PCC | ||
English - Irish (Gaeilge) | Leahy, M. & Dodd, B. (2011). Manual of diagnostic evaluation of articulation and phonology: Irish standardization. Pearson. | 306 | C, PCC, PVC, PPC, oro-motor | ||
English - Malaysian | Phoon, H. S., Abdullah, A. C., & Maclagan, M. (2012). The effect of dialect on the phonological analysis of Chinese-influenced Malaysian English speaking children. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14(6), 487-498. | 264 | C, CC, PCC | ||
English - Malaysian | Phoon, H. S. (2010). The phonological development of Malaysian English speaking Chinese children: A normative study. (Doctoral dissertation), University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. | 264 | C, CC, V | ||
English - Singaporean | En, L. G. W., Brebner, C., & McCormack, P. (2014). A preliminary report on the English phonology of typically developing English-Mandarin bilingual preschool Singaporean children. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 49(3), 317-332. | 70 | PCC, PVC, PPC | ||
English - South African | Pascoe, M., Mahura, O., & Le Roux, J. (2018). South African English speech development: Preliminary data from typically developing preschool children in Cape Town. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 32(12), 1145-1161. | 308 | C,V, PVC, PCC | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Babatsouli, E. (2013). Phonological development of a child’s L2 English in bilingualism. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Crete. | 1 | Developmental milestones; vocabulary | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Babatsouli, E. (2015). Technologies for the study of speech: Review and an application. Themes in Science and Technology Education, 8(1), 17–32. | 1 | C | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Babatsouli, E. (2017). Bilingual development of theta in a child. Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 53(2), 157–195. https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2017-000 | 1 | C | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Babatsouli, E. (2018). Acquired singleton fricatives and lateral in cluster development: A bilingual case. In E. Babatsouli & D. Ingram (Eds.), Phonology in protolanguage and interlanguage (pp. 109–138). Equinox Publishing. | 1 | CC | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Babatsouli, E. (2019b). Melodies of child Greek-English phonological interference. Revista de Estudos da Língua(gem), 17(2), 209–236. https://doi.org/10.22481/el.v17i2.5347 | 1 | phonological processes | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Babatsouli, E. (2020a). Enhanced phonology in a child’s weaker language in bilingualism: A portrait. In E. Babatsouli & M. J. Ball (Eds.), An anthology of bilingual child phonology (pp. 117–139). Multilingual Matters. | 1 | C | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Babatsouli, E. (2020a). Enhanced phonology in a child’s weaker language in bilingualism: A portrait. In E. Babatsouli & M. J. Ball (Eds.), An anthology of bilingual child phonology (pp. 117–139). Multilingual Matters. | 1 | MLUw, phonology | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Babatsouli, E. (2020b). Separation of vowel sequences by consonant addition in a child’s developmental speech. Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech, 2(2), 290–314. https://doi.org/10.1558/jmbs.18848 | 1 | V | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Babatsouli, E. (2021a). What is in the ‘I’ of the beholder: Modelling the processing of consonant addition in a child’s pronoun. Communications in statistics: Case studies, data analysis and applications, 77(4), 670–694. | 1 | consonant epenthesis | Journal article | |
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Babatsouli, E. (2021b). Extrema values of consonant cluster accuracy with member accuracy in children’s speech. Chaotic Modeling and Simulation, 11(1), 51–70. | 1 | CC | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Babatsouli, E.& Nicoladis, E. (2019). The acquisition of English possessives by a bilingual child: Do input and usage frequency matter? Journal of Child Language, 46(1), 170-183. | 1 | morphophonology, input, usage | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Geronikou, E., Michou, E., & Kyriazis, V. (2019). Narrative skills of bilingual school-aged English-Greek children’s: Preliminary results. In E. Babatsouli (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monolingual and Bilingual Speech 2019 (pp. 45–51). IMBS. | 2 | MLU-5 | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Papastefanou, T., Powell, D., & Marinis, T. (2019). Language and decoding skills in Greek-English primary school bilingual children: Effects of language dominance, contextual factors and cross-language relationships between the heritage and the majority language. Frontiers in Communication, 4, 65. | 40 | Phonological awareness | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Papastergiou, A., & Sanoudaki, E. (2021). Language skills in Greek-English bilingual children attending Greek supplementary schools in England. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(8), 2834–2852. | 31 | Vocabulary | ||
English + Greek (Πρότυπο Νέας Ελληνικής) | Yavaş, M., & Babatsouli, E. (2016). Acquisition of /s/-clusters in a Greek-English bilingual child: Sonority or OCP? In M. J. Ball & N. Müller (Eds.), Challenging sonority: Cross-linguistic evidence (pp. 337-354). Equinox. | 1 | C | ||
English + Kikuyu | Nyagah, J. W. (1994). The acquisition of initial English consonant clusters by Kikuyu children. (Doctoral dissertation), University of Reading, Reading, UK. | 34 | C, CC | ||
English + Spanish (Mexican) | Gildersleeve-Neumann, C. E., Kester, E. S., Davis, B. L., & Peña, E. D. (2008). English speech sound development in preschool-aged children from bilingual English-Spanish environments. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 39, 314–328. | 33 | C, V phonological processes | ||
English + Spanish (Puerto Rican) | Goldstein, B., & Washington, P. (2001). An initial investigation of phonological patterns in 4-year-old typically developing Spanish-English bilingual children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 32, 153–164. | 12 | C, V phonological processes | ||
English + Spanish (Puerto Rican) | Goldstein, B., Fabiano, L., & Washington, P. (2005). Phonological skills in predominantly English, predominantly Spanish, and Spanish-English bilingual children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 36, 201–218. | 15 | C, V, phonological processes | ||
English + Vietnamese | Margetson, K., McLeod, S., & Verdon, S. (2023). Cross-linguistic transfer and ambient phonology: Impact on diagnosis of speech sound disorders in a longitudinal bilingual case study. Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech, 4(3), 311–339. | 1 child | C, PCC, phonological patterns | ||
English + Vietnamese | Margetson, K., McLeod, S., & Verdon, S. (2024). Diagnosing speech sound disorder in bilingual Vietnamese-English-speaking children: Are English-only assessments sufficient? In E. Babatsouli (Ed.). Multilingual acquisition and learning: A ecosystemic view to diversity. (pp. 217-245). John Benjamins Publishing. | 4 children | C, PCC, Phon pattern, Intell | ||
English + Vietnamese | McLeod, S., Margetson, K., Wang, C., Tran, V. H., Verdon, S., White, K., & Phạm, B. (2022). Speech acquisition within a 3-generation Vietnamese-English family: The influence of maturation and ambient phonology. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 36(4-5), 470-493. | 5 (2 children; 3 adults) | C, PCC, PVC, PTC | ||
English + Vietnamese | McLeod, S., Verdon, S., Margetson, K., Tran, V. H., Wang, C., Phạm, B., To, L., & Huynh, K. (2023). Multilingual speech acquisition by Vietnamese-English–speaking children and adult family members. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(7), 2184-2229. | 154 (69 children, 85 adults) | C, CC, V, T, PCC, PVC, PTC, Phon pattern, Intell | ||
English + Welsh (Cymraeg) | Lewis, R. (2021). Early phonological development in children residing in Welsh-English communities: Typical and atypical patterns. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], Cardiff Metropolitan University. | 6 | C, W | ||
English + Welsh (Cymraeg) | Mayr, R., Howells, G., & Lewis, R. (2015). Asymmetries in phonological development: The case of word-final cluster acquisition in Welsh-English bilingual children, Journal of Child Language, 42, 146-179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000913000603. | 40 | CC, PCCC | ||
English + Welsh (Cymraeg) | Mayr, R., Jones, D. & Mennen, I. (2014). Speech learning in bilinguals: Consonant cluster acquisition, In E. Thomas, & I. Mennen (Eds.), Advances in the study of bilingualism (pp. 3-24). Multilingual Matters. | 41 | CC, PCCC | - | |
English + Welsh (Cymraeg) | Munro, S., Ball, M. J., Müller, N., Duckworth, M. & Lyddy, F. (2005). Phonological acquisition in Welsh-English bilingual children. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders, 3, 24-49. | 83 | C, PCC |
| Language (Dialect) | Reference | No. of participants | Acquisition data | Access information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Finnish | Aalto, E., Saaristo-Helin, K., & Stolt, S. (2020). Phonological development of Finnish speaking children at 3;6 and associations to previous and simultaneous lexical ability. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 34(7), 617–633. | 67 | PCC-A, PVC | |
Finnish | Aoyama, K. (2001). A psycholinguistic perspective on Finnish and Japanese prosody: Perception, production and child acquisition of consonantal quantity distinctions. Kluwer Academic Publishers. | 26 | Quantity distinction | - |
Finnish | Iivonen, A. (1986). Lapsen fonologisen kehityksen tutkimusmetodiikka. In M. Lehtihalmes, & A. Klippi (Eds.), Logopedis-foniatrinen tutkimus Suomessa (pp. 17–58). Suomen logopedis-foniatrisen yhdistyksen julkaisuja 19. | 2 | Variety | - |
Finnish | Iivonen, A. (1994). Paradigmaattisia ja syntagmaattisia näkökohtia lapsen foneettis-fonologisessa kehityksessä. In A. Iivonen, A. Lieko, & P. Korpilahti (Eds.), Lapsen normaali ja poikkeava kielen kehitys (2nd ed., pp. 34–77). SKS. | 2 | Variety | - |
Finnish | Iivonen, A. (1996). Syntagmaattisen kompleksisuuden lisääntyminen lapsen fonologiassa. In K. Toivainen (Ed.), Suomalaiskielten omaksumista tutkimassa (pp. 69–85). Publications of the Department of Finnish and General Linguistics of the University of Turku. | 2 | Variety | - |
Finnish | Iivonen, A. (1998). Aspects of the phonotactical acquisition in children. In K. Heinänen, & M. Lehtihalmes (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh Nordic Child Language Symposium (pp. 82–84). Publications of the Department of Finnish, Saami and Logopedics. University Press. | 3 | CC | - |
Finnish | Iivonen, A. (2012). Vokaalien kehitys protosanoista kielen mukaiseen järjestelmään. In S. Kunnari, & T. Savinainen-Makkonen (Eds.), Pienten sanat. Lasten äänteellinen kehitys (2nd ed., pp. 89–96). PS-kustannus. | 2 | V | - |
Finnish | Itkonen, T. (1977). Huomioita lapsen äänteistön kehityksestä. Virittäjä, 81(3), 279–308. | 1 | Variety | |
Finnish | Kunnari, S. (2000). Characteristics of early lexical and phonological development in children acquiring Finnish. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Oulu. | 10 | Variety | - |
Finnish | Kunnari, S. (2002). Word length in syllables: Evidence from early word production in Finnish. First Language, 22(2), 119–135. | 10 | Word length | |
Finnish | Kunnari, S. (2003 b). Suomea omaksuvien lasten ensisanojen konsonantit. Puhe ja kieli, 23(4), 197–205. | 10 | C | |
Finnish | Kunnari, S. (2003a). Consonant inventories: A longitudinal study of Finnish-speaking children. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders, 1, 124–131. | 10 | C | |
Finnish | Kunnari, S., Nakai, S., & Vihman, M. M. (2001). Cross-linguistic evidence for acquisition of geminates. Psychology of Language and Communication, 5, 13–24. | 5 | Quantity distinction | |
Finnish | Kunnari, S., Saaristo-Helin, K., & Savinainen-Makkonen, T. (2012). Phonological mean length of utterance in specific language impairment: a multi-case study of children acquiring Finnish. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 26(5), 428–444. | 4 | Variety | |
Finnish | Kunnari, S., Savinainen-Makkonen, T., & Paavola, L. (2006). Kaksivuotiaiden suomalaislasten konsonantti-inventaarit. Puhe ja kieli, 26(2), 71–79. | 24 | C | |
Finnish | Kunnari, S., Savinainen-Makkonen, T., & Saaristo-Helin, K. (2012). Fonologiatesti. Lasten äänteellisen kehityksen arviointimenetelmä. Niilo Mäki Instituutti. | 300 | Variety | |
Finnish | Laalo, K. (1994). Kaksitavuvaihe lapsen kielen kehityksessä. Virittäjä, 98(3), 430–448. | 1 | Long words | |
Finnish | Leiwo, M., Kulju, P., & Aoyama, K. (2006). The acquisition of Finnish vowel harmony. In A. Airola, A. Arppe, O. Heinämäki, M. Miestamo, K. Sinnemäki, U. Määttä, J. Niemi, K. K. Pitkänen, & M. Suominen (Eds.), A Man of Measure: Festschrift in the Honour of Fred Karlsson on his 60th Birthday. Special Supplement to SKY Journal of Linguistics, 19. | 196 | Vowel harmony | |
Finnish | Lieko, A. (2001). Vokaaliharmonian omaksuminen. Puhe ja kieli, 2(1), 13–20. | 8 & 14 | Vowel harmony | |
Finnish | Luotonen, M. (1998). Factors associated with linguistic development and school performance: The role of early otitis media, gender and day care. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oulu. | 1618 | Variety | - |
Finnish | Martikainen, A.-L. (2021). Intra-word variability in children acquiring Finnish. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Oulu]. | 32 | PCC, PVC | |
Finnish | Martikainen, A.-L. Savinainen-Makkonen, T., & Kunnari, S. (2019). Intra-word consistency and accuracy in Finnish children aged 3–6 years. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 33(9), 815–830. | 80 | Intra-word variability | |
Finnish | Martikainen, A.-L., Savinainen-Makkonen, T., & Kunnari, S. (2021). Speech inconsistency and its association with speech production, phonological awareness and nonword repetition skills. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 35(8), 743–760. | 31 | PPC | |
Finnish | Pietarinen, A. (1987). Vantaalaisten v. 1980 syntyneiden lasten viisivuotisseulalla mitatut kielelliset häiriöt ja niiden yhteydet kehityksen muihin osatekijöihin. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Helsinki. | 1600 | Variety | - |
Finnish | Räisänen, A. (1975). Havaintoja lastenkielestä. Virittäjä, 79, 251–266. | 2 | Variety | |
Finnish | Saaristo-Helin, K. (2009). Measuring phonological development: a follow-up study of five children acquiring Finnish. Language and Speech, 52(1), 55–79. | 5 | Variety | |
Finnish | Saaristo-Helin, K. (2011). Phonological Mean Length of Utterance as an indicator of typical and impaired phonological development in children acquiring Finnish. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Helsinki]. | 15 | Variety | |
Finnish | Saaristo-Helin, K., Savinainen-Makkonen, T., & Kunnari, S. (2006). The Phonological Mean Length of Utterance: methodological challenges from a crosslinguistic perspective. Journal of Child Language, 33 (1), 179–190. | 17 | Variety | |
Finnish | Savinainen-Makkonen, T. (1996). Lapsenkielen fonologia systemaattisen fonologisen kehityksen kaudella. [Unpublished licentiate thesis]. University of Helsinki. | 1 | Variety | - |
Finnish | Savinainen-Makkonen, T. (2000a). Word-initial consonant omissions – a developmental process in children learning Finnish. First Language, 20, 161–185. | 6 | C | |
Finnish | Savinainen-Makkonen, T. (2000b). Learning long words –Atypological perspective. Language and Speech, 42(2), 205– 225. | 6 | Long words | |
Finnish | Savinainen-Makkonen, T. (2000c). Learning to produce three-syllable words: A longitudinal study of Finnish twins. In M. Perkins & S. Howard (Eds.), New Directions in Language Development and Disorders (pp. 223– 231). New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: Plenum Publishing. | 2 | Long words | - |
Finnish | Savinainen-Makkonen, T. (2001). Suomalainen lapsi fonologiaa omaksumassa. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Helsinki. | 7 | Variety | - |
Finnish | Savinainen-Makkonen, T. (2006). Kaksivuotiaiden konsonanttiyhtymät. Puhe ja kieli, 26(2): 81–97. | 12 | CC | |
Finnish | Savinainen-Makkonen, T. (2007, 2013). Geminate template: a model for first Finnish words. First Language, 27, 347– 359. Reprinted in M. M. Vihman, & T. Keren-Portnoy (Eds.), The Emergency of Phonology. Whole-word Approaches and Cross-linguistic Evidence. Cambridge University Press. | 1 | Geminate template | |
Finnish | Savinainen-Makkonen, T., & Salovaara, P. (2008). Kaukoassimilaatiot iässä 1;6–2;6 – neljän suomalaislapsen seurantatutkimus. Puhe ja kieli, 28(1), 1–16. | 4 | Consonant assimilation | |
Finnish | Savinainen-Makkonen, T., Kaikkonen, H., Saaristo-Helin, K., & Kovasiipi, P. (2009). 2½-vuotiaiden konsonanttiyhtymät. Puhe ja kieli, 29(4): 165–181. | 15 | CC | |
Finnish | Toivainen, J. (1997). The acquisition of Finnish. In D. I. Slobin (Ed.), The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition, Vol. 4. (pp. 87–182). Lawrence Erlbaum. | 4 | C | - |
Finnish | Torvelainen, P. (2007). Kaksivuotiaiden lasten fonologisen kehityksen variaatio: puheen ymmärrettävyyden sekä sananmuotojen tavoittelun ja tuottamisen tarkastelu. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Jyväskylä]. | 39 | Variety | |
Finnish | Turunen, P. (2003). Production of word structure: A constraint-based study of 2;6 year old Finnish children at-risk for dyslexia and their controls. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Jyväskylä]. | 196 | Variety | |
Finnish | Vihman, M. M., & Velleman, S. L. (2000). The construction of a first phonology. Phonetica, 57(2–4), 255–266. | 5 | Variety | Journal article |
Finnish | Warren, S. (2001). Phonological acquisition and ambient language: A corpus based cross-linguistic exploration. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Hertfordshire. | 15 | Variety | |
Flemish | Baudonck, N., Dhooge, I., & Van Lierde, K. (2010). Intelligibility of hearing impaired children as judged by their parents: A comparison between children using cochlear implants and children using hearing aids. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 74(11), 1310–1315. | 163 | Intell | |
Flemish | Pareyn, A., Roels, S., Luyten, A., Van Lierde, K., Corthals, P., & D’haeseleer, E. (2016). De Mean Length of Utterance tijdens de spontane taal van normaal ontwikkelende eentalige en meertalige kinderen Logopedie, 29(1), 37–46. | 47 monolingual Flemish children 19 multilingual children | MLU | |
Flemish | Stes, R. (1997). Articulatiestoornissen. Fenomenen, oorzaken en behandeling. Acco, Leuven. | 640 | C, CC, V | - |
Flemish | van Haaften, L., Diepeveen, S., Van den Engel-Hoek, L., de Swart, B., & Maassen, B. (2020). Speech sound development in typically developing 2–7‐year‐old Dutch‐speaking children: A normative cross‐sectional study. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 55, 971–987. | 1503 | PCC, PVC | |
Flemish | Simon, E., D haeseleer, E., Altinkamis, F., & Plevoets, K. (2020). Dutch speech intelligibility in bilingual Turkish-Dutch children in Flanders. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9 (1–2). | 96 | Intell | |
Flemish | Simon, E., D haeseleer, E., Altinkamis, F., & Plevoets, K. (2020). Dutch speech intelligibility in bilingual Turkish-Dutch children in Flanders. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9 (1–2). | 96 | Intell | |
French – Canadian | Bérubé, D., Bernhardt, B. M., Stemberger, J. P., & Ciocca, V. (2020). Development of singleton consonants in French speaking children with typical versus protracted phonological development: The influence of word length, word shape and stress. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(6), 637–647. | 20 | WWM, WSM | |
French – Canadian | MacLeod, A. A. N., Sutton, A., Sylvestre, A., Thordardottir, E. & Trudeau, N. (2014). Outil de dépistage des troubles du développement des sons de la parole : bases théoriques et données préliminaires. Revue canadienne d’orthophonie et d’audiologie, 38, 40–56. | 243 | PCC | |
French – Canadian | MacLeod, A. A. N., Sutton, A., Trudeau, N. et Thordardottir, E. (2011). The acquisition of consonants in Québecois French: A cross-sectional study of preschool aged children. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 13, 93– 109. | 156 | C, CC, PCC | |
French – Canadian | MacLeod, A.A.N. (2016). Phonetic and phonological perspectives on the acquisition of voice onset time by French-speaking children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 30(8), 584–598. | 63 | PCC, acoustic analysis | |
French – Canadian | Rvachew, S., Marquis, A., Brosseau-Lapré, F., Paul, M., Royle, P. & Gonnerman, L. (2013). Speech articulation performance of francophone children in the early school years: Norming of the Test de dépistage francophone de phonologie. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 27, 950–968. doi: 10.3109/02699206.2013.830149 | 61 | C, PCC, WWC | |
French – France | Demuth, K., & Johnson, M. (2003). Truncation to subminimal words in early French. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue Canadienne de Linguistique, 48(3–4), 211–241. | 1 | WWP | |
French – France | Demuth, K., & Kehoe, M. (2006). The acquisiton of word-final clusters in French. Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 5, 59–81. | 14 | CC | |
French – France | dos Santos, C. (2007). Développement phonologique en français langue maternelle: Une étude de cas. Linguistique. Université Lumière Lyon 2, Français. | 1 | C, CC | |
French – France | Monnin, J. (2010). Influence de la langue ambiante sur l’acquisition phonologique : Une comparaison du français et du drehu. Ph.D Thesis, Université de Grenoble. | 155 | C | |
French – France | Roux, G. (2012). Prélinguistique et linguistique dans la période des premiers mots: Approches historique, épistémologique et expérimentale | 4 | C, V | |
French – France | Yamaguchi, N. (2012). Parcours d’acquisition des sons du langage chez deux enfants francophones. Ph.D Thesis. Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris 3 | 2 | C | |
German – Standard | Albrecht, K. M. (2017). The identification of typical and atypical phonological acquisition in Turkish-German bilingual children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield (Publication No. uk.bl.ethos.727294). | 84 | C, CC, PCC-A, phonological patterns | |
German – Standard | Bartels, M. (2012). Prozessanalyse und constraintbaiserte Betrachtung des Erwerbs initialer Konsonantenverbindungen bei zweijährigen Kindern. [Unpublished Masters thesis, University of Applied Sciences, Fresenius Idstein], Idstein. | CC | - | |
German – Standard | Fongaro-Leverin, S. (1992). Der Erwerb des Lautsystems und die Phonologischen Prozesse sich normal entwickelnder Kinder: Ein Interlinguistischer Vergleich Deutsch/Portugiesisch. [Unpublished doctoral thesis, Ludwig-Maximilian- Universität, München]. | 24 | C, CC, PCC, phonological patterns | - |
German – Standard | Fox-Boyer, A. V., (2016). Kindliche Aussprachestörungen. Phonologischer Erwerb, Differenzialdiagnostik, Therapie. Schulz-Kirchner. | 646 | phonological patterns | |
German – Standard | Fox-Boyer, A., & Neumann, C. (2016, June). Initial cluster realizations in German-speaking children with speech sound disorders. Oral presentation at the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association Conference, Halifax CA. | 266 | CC, PCCC, phonological patterns | - |
German – Standard | Fox-Boyer, A., Fricke, S., & Albrecht, K. M. (2020). Phonological patterns in Turkish-German bilingual children. Sprache · Stimme · Gehör, 44(4), 216–224. | 84 | Phonological patterns | |
German – Standard | Fox, A., & Dodd, B. (1999). Der Erwerb des Phonologischen Systems in der deutschen Sprache. Sprache · Stimme · Gehör, 23, 183–191. | 200 | C, V, CC, PPI, PCI, phonological patterns | - |
German – Standard | Grimm, A. (2007). The development of early prosodic word structure in child German: Simplex words and compounds. | 4 | Stress | |
German – Standard | Grohnfeldt, M. (1980). Erhebungen zum altersspezifischen Lautbestand bei drei- bis sechsjährigen Kindern. Die Sprachheilarbeit, 25(5), 169–177. | 312 | C | - |
German – Standard | Kehoe, M. M. & Lleo, C. (2003) The acquisition of nuclei: A longitudinal analysis of phonological vowel length in three German-speaking children. Journal of Child Language, 30(3), 527–556. | 3 | V | |
German – Standard | Kehoe, M. M., & Lleo, C. (2002). Intervocalic consonants in the acquisition of German: onsets, codas or something else?. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 16(3), 169-182. | 5 | C | |
German – Standard | Kubaschk, L., Fox-Boyer, A., & Klann, J. (2015). Die Stimulierbarkeit isolierter Phone im Deutschen bei 2;5–4;0-Jährigen. Sprache · Stimme · Gehör, 39(S 01), 5–6. | 77 | Stimulability | |
German – Standard | Lang, S., Fox-Boyer, A. V. & Willmes, K. (2018, June). Consonant production in babbling and words: Results from infants acquiring German. Poster presented at the International Child Phonology Conference, Chania. | 20 | C, word order, vocabulary size | - |
German – Standard | Lang, S., Willmes, K. & Fox-Boyer, A. V. (2018, October). Prelexical and early lexical development: relationships and contributing factors. Presentation at the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association Conference, Malta. | 20 | C, word order, vocabulary size | - |
German – Standard | Lang, S., Willmes, K., Marschik, P. B., Zhang, D., & Fox-Boyer, A. (2021). Prelexical phonetic and early lexical development in German-acquiring infants: Canonical babbling and first spoken words. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 35(2), 185–200. | 20 | C, canonical babbling onset, word onset | |
German – Standard | Lleó, C., & Prinz, M. (1996). Consonant clusters in child phonology and the directionality of syllable structure assignment. Journal of Child Language, 23(1), 31–56. | 5 | CC | |
German – Standard | Lleó, C., Prinz, M., El Mogharbel, C., & Maldonado, A. (1996). Early phonological acquisition of German and Spanish: A reinterpretation of the continuity issue within the principles and parameters model. Children’s Language, 9, 11–31. | 5 | C | |
German – Standard | Neumann, S., Rietz, C., & Stenneken, P. (2017). The German Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS‐G): Reliability and validity evidence. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 52(5), 585–594. | 151 | Intell | |
German – Standard | Papoušek, M. (1994). Vom ersten Schrei zum ersten Wort: Anfänge der Sprachentwicklung in der vorsprachlichen Kommunikation. Huber. | 18 | Pre-babbling, babbling, words | - |
German – Standard | Petermann, F. (2016). Sprachstandserhebungstest für Kinder im Alter zwischen 3 und 5 Jahren: SET 3–5. Hogrefe. | 1095 | C | |
German – Standard | Piske, T. (1997). Phonological organization in early speech production: Evidence for the importance of articulatory patterns. Speech Communication, 22(2–3), 279–295. | 8 | Articulatory patterns | |
German – Standard | Romonath, R., & Bernhardt, B. M. (2017). Erwerb prosodischer Wortstrukturen bei Vorschulkindern mit und ohne phonologische Störungen. Forschung Sprache, 1, 91–107. | 24 +24 SSD | Stress, word-length, CV | |
German – Standard | Schaefer, B., & Fox-Boyer, A. (2017). The acquisition of initial consonant clusters in German-speaking 2-year-olds. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 19(5), 476–489. | 145 | CC, PCCC, phonological processes | |
German – Standard | Schäfer, B., & Fox, A. V. (2006). Der Erwerb der Wortproduktionskonsequenz bei Zweijährigen: Ein Mittel zur Früherkennung von Aussprachestörungen? Sprache · Stimme · Gehör, 30(4), 186–192. | 28 | Inconsistency | |
German – Standard | Schölderle, T., Haas, E., Baumeister, S., & Ziegler, W. (2021). Intelligibility, articulation rate, fluency, and communicative efficiency in typically developing children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(7), 2575–2585. | 144 | Intell | |
German – Standard | Schramm, B., Bohnert, A., & Keilmann, A. (2009). The prelexical development in children implanted by 16 months compared with normal hearing children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 73(12), 1673–1681. | 5 | C, canonical babbling onset | |
German – Standard | Sendlmeier, W. F., & Sendlmeier, U. M. (1991). Vom Lallen zum Sprechen–Die Entwicklung der Lautproduktion im Alter von 8 bis 14 Monaten. Sprache & Kognition, 10(3), 162–170. | 7 | C | - |
German – Zurich (Deutsch) | Allemann, R., Caviezel, A. S., Geigenberger, A., & Fox-Boyer, A. (2020). Der Erwerb des [r] in Zürich. Logopädieschweiz, 2, 4–10. | 45 | /r/ | - |
Greek – Cypriot | Okalidou, A., Petinou, K., Theodorou, E. & Karasimou, E. (2010). Voice onset time development in Cypriot-Greek and Greek-speaking children age 2;0-4;0 years: A cross-sectional study. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 24(7), 503-519. | 20 | C | |
Greek – Cypriot | Petinou, K. & Armostis, S. (2016). Phonological process occurrence in typically developing toddlers. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopedia,. 68(5), 199-204. | 8 | C | |
Greek – Cypriot | Petinou, K., & Theodorou, E. (2016). Early phonetic development in typically developing children: A longitidinal investigation from Cypriot Greek child data. Clinical Linguistics and 30, 12-28. | 14 | C | |
Greek – Standard | Babatsouli, E. (2017). Bilingual development of theta in a child. Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 53 (2), 157–195. | 1 | C | Journal article |
Greek – Standard | Babatsouli, E. (2019a). A phonological assessment test for child Greek.Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 33(7), 601–607 | 1 | C, CC | |
Greek – Standard | Babatsouli, E. (2019b). Melodies of child Greek-English phonological interference. Revista de Estudos da Língua(gem), 17(2), 209-236. | 1 | Phonological errors, spontaneous speech | |
Greek – Standard | Babatsouli, E. (2020). Separation of vowel sequences by consonant addition in a child’s bilingual development. Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech, 2(2), 290–314. | 1 | V | |
Greek – Standard | Geronikou, E., Vance, M., Wells, B., & Thomson, J. (2019). Phonology, morphology and speech processing development in Greek-speaking children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 34(5), 431–452. | 38 | Phonology | |
Greek – Standard | Geronikou, E., & Babatsouli, E. (2023). Child speech developmental norms in Greek monolinguals: Whole word and consonant accuracy. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics. | 254 | C, WWA | |
Greek – Standard | Kappa, I. (2000). A longitudinal study on phonological development of the early words. Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Theoretical and Applied Linguistics. University of Thessaloniki. | Phonological development of early words | - | |
Greek – Standard | Kappa, I. (2002). On the acquisition of syllabic structure in Greek. Journal of Greek Linguistics, 3, 1–52. | Syllabic structure | - | |
Greek – Standard | Magoula, E. (2000). Η Κατάκτηση του Φωνολογικού Συστήματος της ΝΕ: Η περίπτωση των συμφώνων [The acquisition of phonological system in Modern Greek: The case of consonants]. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Athens. | C | - | |
Greek – Standard | Nicolaidis, K. (2003). Μια ηλεκτροπαλατογραφική μελέτη των ουρανικών συμφώνων της Ελληνικής [An electropalatographic study of palatals in Greek]. In D. Theophanopoulou-Kontou, C. Lascaratou, M. Sifianou, M. Georgiafentis & V. Spyropoulos (Eds.), Σύγχρονες Τάσεις στην Ελληνική Γλωσσολογία [Current trends in Greek linguistics] (pp. 108–127). Patakis. | C | - | |
Greek – Standard | Sanoudaki, E. (2010). Towards a typology of word-initial consonant clusters: Evidence from the acquisition of Greek. Journal of Greek Linguistics, 10(1), 74–14. | 59 | CC | |
Greek – Standard | Syrika, A., Nicolaidis, K., Edwards, J., & Beckman, M. E. (2011). Acquisition of initial/s/-stop and stop-/s/sequences in Greek. Language and Speech, 54(3), 361-386. | 60 | CC | |
Greek – Standard | Yavaş, M., & Babatsouli, E. (2016). Acquisition of /s/-clusters in a Greek-English bilingual child: Sonority or OCP? In M. J. Ball & N. Müller (Eds.), Challenging sonority: Cross-linguistic evidence from normal and disordered language (pp. 337–354). Equinox Publishing. | 1 | CC | - |
Greek – Standard + Cypriot | Gavriilidou, Z., & Kambaki-Vougioukli, P. (2011). Phonological description of the Greek Speaking Children Corpus (GSCC). In K. Chatzopoulou, A. Ioannidou, & A. Suwon Yoon (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th ICGL, (pp. 559–568). Democritus University of Thrace. | 61 | Phonological errors, spontaneous speech | - |
Greek – Standard + Cypriot | Okalidou, A., Petinou, K., Theodorou, E., & Karasimou, E. (2010). Development of voice onset time in standard-Greek and Cypriot-Greek-speaking preschoolers. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 24(7), 503–519. | C | Journal article | |
Haitian Creole | Archer, J., Champion, T., Tyrone, M. E., & Walters, S. (2013). Investigating phonological development in monolingual Haitian Creole-speaking preschool children. (Master’s thesis), Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY. | 12 | C, CC, PCC | Thesis |
Hebrew (עברית) | Adam, G. (2002). From variable to optimal grammar: Evidence from language acquisition and language change. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. | 23 | Prosodic word | |
Hebrew | Amir, S. (1995). First language acquisition. Dash -- Dibur U-Shmi’a, 18, 37–50. [in Hebrew] | 4 | phonological processes | - |
Hebrew | Ben-David, A. (2001). Language acquisition and phonological theory: Universal and variable processes across children and across languages. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tel Aviv University, Israel. [in Hebrew] | 10 | C, CC, V | |
Hebrew | Ben-David, A. (2015) Norms in the acquisition of Hebrew phonology. Dash BeReshet 34: 1-13[In Hebrew] | 1,113 | C, CC, V, phonological processes | |
Hebrew | Ben-David, A. (2020). Phonological development in Hebrew: A normative cross-sectional study. In E. Babatsouli, (ed.), On under-reported monolingual child phonology (pp. 77-98). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters. | 1,113 | C, CC, V, phonological processes | |
Hebrew | Berman, R. A. (1977). Natural phonological processes at the one-word stage. Lingua, 43, 1–21. | 1 | phonological processes | |
Hebrew | Lavie, S. (1978). Norms for the development of Hebrew consonants between the ages of 3 to 5 years. Unpublished master’s thesis, Tel Aviv University, Israel. [in Hebrew] | 200 | C | |
Hebrew | Shaked, G. (1990). Early phonological acquisition: Phonological processes between ages 1;7– 2;7. M.A. project, Tel Aviv University Department of Communications Disorders. [in Hebrew] | 20 | phonological processes | - |
Hebrew | Vider, H. (2015). Analysis of the articulation of children ages 3 and 3;6 years using quantitative measures. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Tel-Aviv university, Israel. [in Hebrew] | 52 | PCC, PVC, WWP, pMLU | |
Hindi | Srivastava, G. P. (1974). A child’s acquisition of Hindi consonants. Indian Linguistics, 35(2), 112-118. | 1 | C | |
Hungarian | Molnár, I. (1978). A hanghelyettesítések típusai a gyermeknyelvben 18–21 hónapos kor között [The types of sound substitutions in child language between the ages of 18–21 months]. Hungarian Papers in Phonetics, 1, 44–52. | 1 | C, V | |
Hungarian | Bunta, F., Davidovich, I., & Ingram, D. (2006). The relationship between the phonological complexity of a bilingual child’s words and those of the target languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 10(1), 71-86. | 1 | C, WWP, word shapes | |
Hungarian | Gósy, M. (1984). Hangtani és szótani vizsgálatok hároméves gyermekek nyelvében [Phonetic and semantic studies in the language of three-year-olds]. Akadémiai Kiadó. | 29 | C, V | |
Hungarian | Gósy, M. (1992). Magánhangzó harmónia a gyermeknyelvben [Vowel harmony in child language]. Magyar Nyelvőr, 116, 424–437. | 30 20 30 | Vowel harmony | |
Hungarian | Kassai, I. (1988). Prosodic development of a Hungarian child: The one-word utterance stage. Hungarian Papers in Phonetics, 19, 72–81. | 1 | Prosody | |
Hungarian | Kassai, I. (1999). Szótaghatárok és fonológiai jólformáltság nagycsoportos óvodások intuitív szótagolásában[Syllable boundaries and phonological well-formedness in the intuitive syllabification of kindergarteners]. In I. Kassai (Ed.), Szótagfogalom – szótagrealizációk [The concept and realization of syllables] (pp. 131–142). MTA Nyelvtudományi Intézet. | 180 | Syllabification | |
Hungarian | Kenyeres, E. (1924). A gyermek beszédének fejlődése [The development of child speech]. Studium. | 1 | C, V | |
Hungarian | Nagy, J. (1980). 5-6 éves gyermekeink iskolakészültsége [School preparedness of our 5-6-year-old children]. Akadémiai Kiadó. | 7602 | C, CC, devoicing, phonological awareness | |
Hungarian | Zajdó, K. (2002a). The acquisition of vowels by Hungarian-speaking children aged two to four years: A cross-sectional study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle. | 80 | V |
| Language (Dialect) | Reference | No. of participants | Acquisition data | Access information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Icelandic | Benediktsdóttir, A. L., Másdóttir, Þ., Hansson, G. (2019-2020). Hljóðferli í tali tveggja til átta ára barna. [Phonological processes in the speech of 2-8 year-old Icelandic speaking children] Íslenskt mál, 41-42, 9-41. | 433 | phonological processes | |
Icelandic | Másdóttir, T. (2008). Phonological development and disorders in Icelandic-speaking children [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Newcastle upon Tyne. | 28 | C, CC, phonological processes | |
Icelandic | Másdóttir, T., McLeod, S., & Crowe, K. (2021). Icelandic children’s acquisition of consonants and consonant clusters. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(5), 1490–1502. | 437 | C, CC, PCC | |
Irish – Connacht | Brennan, S. (2004). First Steps: Early development of Irish as a Primary Language: Focus on phonology | 12 | C, CC | - |
Irish – Dublin | Ó Baoill, D. (1992). Developmental states in the acquisition of Irish phonology and initial mutation. In D. Ó Baoill (Ed.). Insealbhú na Gaeilge mar Chéad Teanga (pp. 54-73). Irish Association for Applied Linguistics. | 2 | C, CC | - |
Italian | Bortolini, U. (1995). Manuale PFLI (Prove per la valutazione Fonologica del Linguaggio Infantile). Edit Master. | unknown | C, P | - |
Italian | Bortolini, U., & Leonard, L. B. (1991). The speech of phonologically disordered children acquiring Italian. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics,5(1), 1-12. | 9 | P | |
Italian | D’Odorico, L., Majorano, M., Fasolo, M., Salerni, N., & Suttora, C. (2011). Characteristics of phonological development as a risk factor for language development in Italian speaking pre-term children: A longitudinal study. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 25(1), 53-65. | 39 | C | |
Italian | Degasperi, L. (2018). FON-FUN - Fonologia in gioco, Fabbrica dei Segni. | 600 | P | - |
Italian | Fasolo, M., Majorano, M., & D’Odorico, L. (2008). Babbling and first words in children with slow expressive development. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 22(2), 83-94. | 12 | C | |
Italian | Fox-Boyer, A., Lavaggi, S., & Fricke, S. (2021). Phonological variations in typically-developing Italian-speaking children aged 3;0-4;11. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 36(2-3), 241-259. | 183 | P | |
Italian | Lucarini, G., Bovo, R., Galatà, V., Pinton, A., & Zmarich, C. (2022). Speech perception and production abilities in a group of Italian preschoolers aged 72–78 months. Hearing, Balance and Communication, 20, 186-195. | 13 | P | |
Italian | Piazzalunga, S., Salerni, N., Ambrogi, F., Limarzi, S., Visconti, G., & Schindler, A. (2020). Normative data and construct validity of a cross-linguistic functional speech outcome, the Intelligibility in Context Scale: Italian (ICS–I). International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 132, 109924. | 355 | Intell | |
Italian | Piazzalunga, S., Salerni, N., Limarzi, S., Fassina, S., & Schindler, A. (2021). Can you understand your child? Reliability and validity of a parent questionnaire the Intelligibility in Context Scale: Italian. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 73(4), 265-276. h | 355 | PCC, PVC, PPC | |
Italian | Tresoldi, M., Ambrogi, F., Favero, E., Colombo, A., Barillari, M. R., Velardi, P., & Schindler, A. (2015). Reliability, validity and normative data of a quick repetition test for Italian children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 79(6), 888-894. | 557 | C, CC | |
Italian | Tresoldi, M., Barillari, M. R., Ambrogi, F., Sai, E., Barillari, U., Tozzi, E., . . . Schindler, A. (2018). Normative and validation data of an articulation test for Italian-speaking children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 110, 81-86. | 694 | C, CC | |
Italian | Viterbori, P., Zanobini, M., & Cozzani, F. (2018). Phonological development in children with different lexical skills. First Language, 38(5), 538-559. | 88 | C, P | |
Italian | Zanobini, M., & Viterbori, P. (2009). La relazione fra sviluppo fonologico e lessicale nel terzo anno di vita. Rivista di Psicolinguistica Applicata, 9(1/2), 1000-1016. | 41 | C | |
Italian | Zanobini, M., Viterbori, P., & Saraceno, F. (2012). Phonology and language development in Italian children: An analysis of production and accuracy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(1), 16-31. | 30 | C, P | |
Italian | Zmarich, C., & Bonifacio, S. (2005). Phonetic inventories in Italian children aged 18 - 27 months: A longitudinal study. Interspeech, 757-760. | 13 | C | |
Italian | Zmarich, C., Bonichini, S., & Bonifacio, S. (in progress). Test Fonetico per la Prima Infanzia TFPI [Powerpoint Presentation]. | 71 | C | - |
Italian | Zmarich, C., Fava, I., Del Monego, G., & Bonifacio, S. (2012). Verso un “Test Fonetico per la Prima Infanzia”. In M. Falcone, & Paoloni, A. (Ed.), La Voce nelle applicazioni, Atti dell’ 8º Convegno Nazionale AISV (pp. 51-66). Bulzoni Editore. | 30 | C, CC, PPC, P | - |
Jamaican Creole | León, M., Washington, K. N., Fritz, K. A., Leon, M., Basinger, M., & Crowe, K. (2021). Intelligibility in Context Scale: Sensitivity and specificity in the Jamaican context. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 35(2), 154–171. | 262 | Intell | |
Jamaican Creole | Meade, R. R. (2001). Acquisition of Jamaican phonology. HIL/LOT serie. | 24 | C, CC, V | |
Jamaican Creole | Washington, K. N., McDonald, M. M., McLeod, S., Crowe, K., & Devonish, H. (2017). Validation of the Intelligibility in Context Scale for Jamaican Creole-speaking preschoolers. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(3), 750–761. | 145 | Intell | |
Japanese | Funayama, M., Abe, M., Kato, M., Saito, S., Takeshita, K., Nishimura, B., Yamashita, S. & Yamashita, Y. (1989). Kōonkensahō tsuikahōkoku. Onsei Gengo Igaku,30, 285–292. | 90 | C, PCC | |
Japanese | Nakajima, S., Okamoto, N., Murai, J., Tanaka, M., Okuno, S., & Maeda, T. (1962). Onsei no kigōka narabini taiseika katei ni kansuru kenkyū (1). Sinrigaku Hyōron, 6, 1-48. | 550 | C, CC, V PCC, PVC | - |
Japanese | Nakamura, T., Kojima, C., & Fujiwara, Y. (2014). Phonological process decline in two- to six-year-olds. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences, 10, 1-13. | 116 | C, WWP | |
Japanese | Nakanishi, Y., & Owada, K. (1967). Yōji no kōonshōgai no hattatsu. Tokyo Gakugei University Bulletin of the Research Institute for the Education of Exceptional Children, 1, 1-52. | 20 | C | - |
Japanese | Owada, K., Nakanishi, Y., & Oshige, K. (1969). Hoikuenji no kōon no henka nit suite. Jikō, 41, 227-231. | 511 | C | |
Japanese | Sakauchi, T. (1967). Kodomo no kōon nōryoku ni tsuite. Gengo Shōgai Kenkyū, 68, 13-26. | 134 | C, CC, PPC | - |
Japanese | Umebayashi, S., & Takagi, T. (1965). Gakurei mae no kodomo no kōonnōryoku ni kansuru ichikenkyū. Onsei Gengo Igaku, 6, 17-18. | 133 | C | |
Kikuyu + English | Nyagah, J. W. (1994). The acquisition of initial English consonant clusters by Kikuyu children. (Doctoral dissertation), University of Reading, Reading, UK. | 34 | C, CC | |
Korean | Chung, H. (2006). Developmental processes in production and perception of Korean /s/ and /s*. (Doctoral dissertation), Kent State University, Kent, OH. | 50 | C, PCC | |
Korean | Kim, M., Kim, S. J., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2017). Phonological acquisition of Korean consonants in conversational speech produced by young Korean children. Journal of Child Language, 44(4), 1010–1023. | 60 | C, PCC | |
Korean | Kim, M., & Pae, S. (2005). The percentage of consonants correct and the ages of consonantal acquisition for ‘Korean-Test of Articulation for Children’. Korean Journal of Speech Sciences, 12(2), 139-152. | 220 | C, CC, PCC | - |
Korean | Kim, Y. (1996). The percentage of consonant correct (PCC) using picture articulation test in preschool children. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 1, 7-33. [in Korean] | 155 | C | - |
Korean | Oum, J. (1986). Speech-sound development in children aged three to five years in Korean: With special reference to consonants. (Master’s thesis), Ewha Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea. [in Korean] | 150 | C | - |
Korean | Pae, S. (1995). The development of language in Korean children. In The Korean Society of Communication Disorders (Ed.), Training of speech pathologists (pp. 18-35). Seoul, South Korea: Hanhaksa. [in Korean] | 320 | C | - |
Korean –Seoul | Kim, M., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2011). Phonological development of word-initial Korean obstruents in young Korean children. Journal of Child Language, 38(2), 316-340. | 40 | C | |
Korean –Seoul | Kim, M., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2009). The acquisition of Korean word-initial stops. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125(6), 3950-3961. | 40 | C | |
Malay – Panang | Phoon, H. S., Abdullah, A. C., Lee, L. W., & Murugaiah, P. (2014). Consonant acquisition in the Malay language: A cross-sectional study of preschool aged Malay children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 28(5), 329-345. | 326 | C, PCC | |
Kurdish – Central Kurdish, Soraní, Middle Kurmanji Dialect | Karzan & Sherwan (2021). Acquiring consonant phonemes by Kurdish children. Journal of University of Raparin, 8(4), 107-142. | 18 | C | |
Kurdish (Kurdî, كوردی) – Central Kurdish, Soraní, Middle Kurmanji Dialect | Fatemi-Syadar et al. (2021). Phonological acquisition in 3- to 5-year-old Kurdish-speaking children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 93, 106 141 | 120 | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC, phonological processes | |
Kurdish – Central Kurdish, Soraní, Middle Kurmanji Dialect | Fatemi-Syadar, S.,& Zarifian, T. (2022). Phonological development in Kurdish speaking child: A longitudinalCase study. In S. McLeod, C. Gregoric & S. Sikder (Eds), Early childhood voices conference proceedings (p.100). Charles Sturt University. | 1 | C, V, CC, PCC, PVC, PPC, phonological processes, PWP, pMLU | - |
Maltese | Azzopardi, S. (1997). Phonological development of consonants in 4 year old Maltese children. [Unpublished dissertation]. University of Malta, Malta. | 10 | phonological processes | - |
Maltese | Frendo (2002). The phonology of three-year old Maltese speaking twins. [Unpublished dissertation]. University of Malta, Malta. | 9 3 twin sets & 3 singletons | phonological processes | - |
Maltese | Grech, H. (1998). Phonological development of Maltese speaking children. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Manchester, UK. | 21 | C, CC, phonological processes | - |
Maltese | Grech, H. (2017). Bilingual speech assessment for Maltese children. In E. Babatsouli D. Ingram & N. Müller (Eds.). Crosslinguistic encounters in language acquisition (pp. 109-144. Multilingual Matters. | 241 | PCC, PVC, inconsistency, oro-motor | - |
Maltese | Grech, H., & Dodd, B. (2008). Phonological acquisition in Malta: A bilingual language learning context. International Journal of Bilingualism, 12 (3), 155-171. | 241 | PCC, PVC, inconsistency score, oro-motor | |
Maltese | Grech, H., Dodd, B., & Franklin, S. (2011). Maltese-English Speech Assessment (MESA). Malta: University of Malta. (ISBN: 978-99957-0-027-0) | 241 | PCC, PVC, inconsistency, oro-motor function | - |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Cheung, H., & Hsu, B. (2000). Chinese children’s production and perception of consonants: A developmental study. Zhonghua Tingyu Xuezhi, 15, 1–10. | 90 | C | - |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Cho, S. J. (2008). The phonological development of Taiwan preschoolers from age three to six years of age. [Unpublished masters thesis]. National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan. | 852 | C | - |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Hsu, J. (1987/2003). A study of the various stages of development and acquisition of Mandarin Chinese in Taiwan milieu. Crane. | 28 | C, V, T | - |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. (1977). The acquisition of tone in Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Child Language, 4(2), 185-199. | 17 | T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Liu C-T. (2021). A first step toward the clinical application of landmark-based acoustic analysis in child Mandarin. Children, 8(2), 159. | 80 | C, acoustics | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Wong P., Schwartz R. G., & Jenkins, J. J. (2005). Perception and production of lexical tones by 3-year-old, Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48(5), 1065-1079. | 13 | T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Wong, P. (2008). Development of lexical tone production in disyllabic words by 2- to 6-year-old Mandarin-speaking children. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], City University of New York. | 44 | T, 2-syllable words | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Wong, P. (2012a). Acoustic characteristics of three-year-olds’ correct and incorrect monosyllabic Mandarin lexical tone productions. Journal of Phonetics, 40(1), 141–151. | 13 | T, acoustics | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Wong, P. (2012b). Monosyllabic Mandarin tone productions by 3-year-olds growing up in Taiwan and in the United States: Interjudge reliability and perceptual results. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(5), 1423-1437. | 24 | T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Li, F., & Munson, B. (2016). The development of voiceless sibilant fricatives in Putonghua-speaking children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 59(4), 699–712. | 97 | C | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Lin, Y. -J., Wang, F., Wu, X., & Kong, J. (2020). The development of phonological awareness and Pinyin knowledge in Mandarin-speaking school-aged children. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(6), 660-668. | 182 | PA | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Xu Rattanasone, N., Tang P., Yuen I., Gao L., & Demuth K. (2018). Five-year-olds’ acoustic realization of Mandarin tone sandhi and lexical tones in context are not yet fully adult-like. Frontiers in Psychology, 9,817, 1-10. | 74 | T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Yang, J. (2018). Development of stop consonants in three- to six-year-old Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Child Language, 45(5), 1091–1115. | 29 | Stops | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Yang, J., & Liu, C., (2012). Categorical perception of lexical tone in 6 to 8-year-old monolingual and bilingual children. International Journal of Asian Language Processing, 23(2), 49-62. | 24 | T, perception | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Zhu, H. (2002). Phonological development in specific contexts: Studies of Chinese-speaking children. Multilingual Matters. | 4 | C, V, T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Zhu, H. (2006). The normal and disordered phonology of Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese)-speaking children. In H. Zhu & B. Dodd (Eds.), Phonological development and disorders in children: A multilingual perspective (pp. 81-108). Multilingual Matters. | 129 | C, V, T | Book chapter |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Zhu, H., & Dodd, B. (2000). The phonological acquisition of Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese). Journal of Child Language, 27(1), 3-42. | 129 | C, V, T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Chang-sa | Ma, J., Zhu, J., Yang, Y. & Chen, F. (2021). The development of categorical perception of segments and suprasegments in Mandarin-speaking preschoolers.Frontiers in Psychology, 1(12), 693366. | 47 | C, T, perception | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Chang-sa | Yang, J., & Lee, T.H. (2006). Lexical variation and rime-tone correlation in early tonal acquisition: a longitudinal study of Mandarin Chinese. ISCA Archive, 126-131. | 1 | T, acoustics | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Shanghai | Bernhardt, B. M., & Zhao, J. (2010). Nonlinear phonological analysis in assessment of protracted phonological development in Mandarin. Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 34(3), 168-180. | 31 | C | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Shanghai | Han, J. (2005). Development of Putonghua speech sounds: Speech intelligibility, phonetic contrasts, and acoustic features. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. East China Normal University, Shanghai. | 212 | C, Intell | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Shanghai | Huang, Z. M., Wan, Q., & Zhang, L. (2000). Speech standard. East China Normal University Press. | 200 | C, V | - |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Shanghai + English | Marinova-Todd, S., Zhao, J. & Bernhardt, B. M. (2010). Phonological awareness skills in the two languages of Mandarin-English bilingual children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 24(4-5), 387-400. | 144 | PA | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Southern | Tang, P., Yuen, I., Xu Rattanasone, N., Gao, L., & Demuth, K. (2019). Acquisition of weak syllables in tonal languages: acoustic evidence from neutral tone in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Child Language, 46(1), 24-50. | 108 | T, weak syllables | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Taiwan | Liu, C.-T., Chen, L.-M., Lin, Y.-C., Cheng, C.-Y., & Lin, Y.-C. (2020). Fricative productions of Mandarin-speaking children with cerebral palsy: The case of five-year-olds. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 34(3), 256-270. | 18 | C | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Taiwan | Liu, H.-M., & Chien, H.-Y. (2020). Speech sound errors of Mandarin-speaking preschool children with co-occurring speech sound disorder and developmental language disorder. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 34(12), 1130-1148. | 64 | C, V, T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Xi’an | McBride-Chang, C., Bialystok, E., Chong, K. K. Y., & Li, Y. (2004). Levels of phonological awareness in three cultures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89(2), 93-111. | 309 (105 Mand) | PA | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) –Shen-zhen | Chen F., Peng G., Yan N., & Wang L. (2017). The development of categorical perception of Mandarin tones in four- to seven-year-old children. Journal of Child Language, 44(6), 1413–1434. | 70 | T, perception | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Chen, K. -M. (2016). Phonological systems and intelligibility of Mandarin-speaking four-year-olds in Taiwan. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], Wichita State University, Kansas, USA. | 10 (+ 10 SSD) | Intell |
| Language (Dialect) | Reference | No. of participants | Acquisition data | Access information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Norwegian | Alme, C. (2018). Phonological development in Norwegian-speaking children aged 2;6–2;11. [Master’s thesis]. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. | 14 | C, CC, V, T | |
Norwegian | Bjønnes, S. L. & Tørvolt, K. (2021). Fonologiske prosesser hos et utvalg norske tre- og fireåringer [Master’s thesis]. University of Oslo. | 14 | C, CC | |
Norwegian | Fintoft et al. (1983). 4 år. En undersøkelse av normalspråket hos norske 4-åringer. Unpublished. Trondheim. | 73 | C, CC | - |
Norwegian | Frank, A. M. (2009). Strukturelle og temporale trekk i norske spedbarns lydutvikling. [PhD dissertation]. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. | 8 | C, V | |
Norwegian | Frank, A. M., & Bjerkan, K. M. (2019). Kartleggingsverktøyet DIFFKAS og de første normdataene for norske barns fonologiske utvikling. Norsk tidsskrift for logopedi, 65(1), 6–13. | 48 | C, CC, V | |
Norwegian | Garmann, N. G., Hansen, P., Simonsen, H. G., & Kristoffersen, K. E. (2019). The phonology of children’s early words: Trends, individual variation, and parents’ accommodation in child-directed speech. Frontiers in Communication, 4, 10. | 2056 + 4 | C | |
Norwegian | Kristoffersen, K. E., & Simonsen, H. G. (2006). The acquisition of # sC clusters in Norwegian. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders, 4(3), 231–241. | 27 | CC | |
Norwegian | Lindsjørn, L. J., & Vethe, S. (2013). 4-åringers tale. Normering av SVANTE-N. [Master’s thesis]. University of Oslo. | 52 | C | |
Norwegian | Payne, E., Post, B., Garmann, N. G., & Simonsen, H. G. (2017). The acquisition of long consonants in Norwegian. In H. Kubozono (Ed.), The Phonetics and Phonology of Geminate Consonants, 2, 130–162. Oxford University Press. | 9 | C, V | |
Norwegian | Simonsen, H. G. (1999). Phonological fillers: Data from Norwegian. Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the International Association for the Study of Child Language, San Sebastian. | 2 | C, V, T | |
Norwegian | Vanvik (1971). The phonetic-phonemic development of a Norwegian child. Norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap, 24, 269–325. | 1 | C, CC, V, T | |
Norwegian | Yavaş, M., Ben‐David, A., Gerrits, E., Kristoffersen, K. E., & Simonsen, H. G. (2008). Sonority and cross-linguistic acquisition of initial s-clusters. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 22(6), 421–441. | 27 | CC | |
Norwegian | Garmann, N. G., Simonsen, H. G., Hansen, P., Elisabeth, H. O. L. M., Brechtje, P. O. S. T., & Payne, E. (2021). Cross-linguistic variation in word-initial cluster production in adult and child language: evidence from English and Norwegian. Journal of Child Language, 48(1), 1–30. | 9 (and 9) | CC | |
Norwegian | Simonsen, H. G. (1990). Barns fonologi: System og variasjon hos tre norske og et samoisk barn. [PhD thesis]. University of Oslo. | 3 (and 1) | C, CC | - |
Polish | Bartkowska, T. (1968). Rozwój wymowy dziecka przedszkolnego jako wynik oddziaływań wychowawczych rodziny i przedszkola [Phonological development of preschoolers as the outcome of family and kindergarten education]. PZWS. | 1090 | C | - |
Polish | Bryndal, M. (2015). Fonologiczna interpretacja procesów doskonalenia mowy na tle współczesnych teorrii fonologicznych [Phonological interpretation of speech development against contemporary phonological theories]. Komlogo. | 200 | C | - |
Polish | Czaplewska, E. (2009). Rozpoznawanie niewerbalnych komunikatów wyrażających emocje przez dzieci od 4 do 7 lat [The recognition of non-verbal messages expressing emotions by children aged 4 -7]. Psychologia Rozwojowa, 14(2), 73–82. | 113 | speech perception | |
Polish | Jarosz, G. (2010). Implicational markedness and frequency in constraint-based computational models of phonological learning. Journal of Child Language, 37(3), 565–606. | 4 | CC | |
Polish | Jarosz, G., Calamaro, S. & Zentz, J. (2017). Input frequency and the acquisition of syllable structure in Polish. Language Acquisition 24(4), 361–399. | 4 | C, CC | |
Polish | Kaczmarek, L. (1988). Nasze dziecko uczy się mowy [Our child learns to speak]. Wydawnictwo Lubelskie. | 4 | - | |
Polish | Łobacz, P. (1996). Polska fonologia dziecięca [Polish child phonology]. Energeia. | 25 | C, V, acoustics | - |
Polish | Łukaszewicz, B. (2007). Reduction in syllable onsets in the acquisition of Polish: Deletion, coalescence, metathesis and gemination, Journal of Child Language 34(1), 53–82. | 1 | CC | |
Polish | Majewska-Tworek, A. (2001). Rozwój sprawności artykulacyjnej dziecka w wieku przedszkolnym [Articulatory development in preschoolers]. Fundacja Orator. | 160 | C | - |
Polish | Marecka, M. & Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, K. (2014). Evaluating models of phonotactic constraints on the basis of sC cluster acquisition data. Language Sciences 46, 37–47. | 25 | CC | |
Polish | Milewski, S. (2005). Grupy spółgłoskowe w języku mówionym dzieci przedszkolnych [Consonant clusters in the speech of preschoolers]. Logopeda 1(1), 5–32. | 652 | CC | |
Polish | Zydorowicz, P. (2010). Consonant clusters across morpheme boundaries: Polish morphonotactic inventory and its acquisition, Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 46(4), 565–588. | 1 | CC | |
Polish | Zydorowicz, P. (2019). Polish (mor)phonotactics in first language acquisition, connected speech and cluster processing. Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM. | 4 | CC | |
Polish | Żygis, M., Jaskula, M., & Koenig, L. (2018). Do children understand better adults or themselves? A perceptual study of Polish /s, ʂ, ɕ/. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, 1963. | 32 | Perception | |
Polish | Żygis, M., Jaskula, M., Pape, D. & Koenig, L. (2019). Production of Polish sibilants in the process of language acquisition. Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, (pp. 1510–1514). Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association. | 81 | C | |
Polish | Marecka, M., Wrembel, M., Zembrzuski, D. & Otwinowska-Kasztelanic, A. (2015). Do early bilinguals speak differently than their monolingual peers? Predictors of phonological performance of Polish-English bilingual children. In E. Babatsouli & D. Ingram (Eds.), Proceedings of the international symposium on monolingual and bilingual speech 2015. (207–213). Institute of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech. | 59 24 | C, CC, V | |
Portuguese – Brazilian (Português) | Ceron, M. I., Gubiani, M. B. Oliveira, C. R. & Keske-Soares, M. (2020a). Normative features of phoneme acquisition in Brazilian Portuguese. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 11, 1–14. | 733 | C, CC | |
Portuguese – Brazilian (Português) | Ceron, M. I., Simoni, S. N., Urrutia, G. A. U., & Keske-Soares, M. (2022). Segmental acquisition of Brazilian Portuguese: Onset simple, complex and coda. CoDAS, 34(3), e20200439 | 857 | C, CC | |
Portuguese – Brazilian (Português) | Silva, M. K., Ferrante, C., Borsel, J. V. & Pereira, M. M. B. (2012). Phonological acquisition of Brazilian Portuguese in children from Rio de Janeiro. Jornal da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia, 24(3), 248–254. | 480 | C, CC | |
Portuguese – Brazilian (Português) | Wertzner, H. F. (1994) Aquisição da articulação: Um estudo em crianças de três a sete anos. Estudos em Psicologia, 11, 11–21. | 64 | C, CC | |
Portuguese – Brazilian (Português) | Wiethan, F. M. (2015). Aquisição do vocabulário e da fonologia do Português Brasileiro Tese (Doutorado em Distúrbios da Comunicação Humana). Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. | 186 | C, CC | |
Portuguese – European (Português) | Amorim, C. (2014). Padrão de aquisição de contrastes do PE: A interação entre traços, segmentos e sílabas [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universidade do Porto. | 80 | C, CC | |
Portuguese – European (Português) | Costa, T. (2010). The acquisition of the consonantal system in European Portuguese: Focus on place and manner features [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universidade de Lisboa. | 5 | C | |
Portuguese – European (Português) | Figueiredo, A., Lousada, M., Lages, A., & Soares, A. P. (2021). Automatic phonological analysis of the linguistic productions of Portuguese children with and without language impairment. 16th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI) (pp. 1–7). IEEE. | 43 | PCC, PVC | |
Portuguese – European (Português) | Freitas, M. J., & Afonso, C. (2017). Os caracoles são azules? Dados espontâneos e experimentais sobre a aquisição dos plurais das palavras com lateral final. Revista de Estudos Linguísticos da Universidade do Porto, 12, 73–97. | 7 | C, CC, V | |
Portuguese – European (Português) | Guerreiro, H., & Frota, S. (2010). Phonological processes at five-years old: Type and frequency. Cadernos de Saúde, 3(1), 57–72. | 43 | C, CC | |
Portuguese – European (Português) | Guimarães, G., Birrento, C., Figueiredo, C., & Flores, C. (2014). Teste de Articulação Verbal - TAV. Oficina Didáctica. | 1037 | C, CC | |
Portuguese – European (Português) | Jesus, L. M. T., Lousada, M., Domingues, D., Hall, A., & Tomé, D. (2015). Phonological processes in Portuguese children with speech sound disorders. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 51(1), 75–88. | 232 | PCC | |
Portuguese – European (Português) | Lousada, M., Mendes, A. P., Valente, A. R., & Hall, A. (2012). Standardization of a phonetic-phonological test for European Portuguese children. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 64(3), 151–156. | 768 | C, CC | |
Portuguese – European (Português) | Lousada, M., Sa-Couto, P., Sutre, D., Figueiredo, C., Fazenda, M., Lousada, M. J., & Valente, A. R. (2019). Validity and reliability of the Intelligibility in Context Scale: European Portuguese version. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 33(12), 1125–1138. | 76 | Intell, PCC, PVC, PPC | |
Portuguese – European (Português) | Ramalho, A. M. (2017). Aquisição fonológica na criança: Tradução e adaptação de um instrumento de avaliação interlinguístico para o português europeu. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universidade de Évora. | 90 | C, CC, V PCC, WWM |
| Language (Dialect) | Reference | No. of participants | Acquisition data | Access information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Samoan | Ballard, E., & Farao, S. (2008). The phonological skills of Samoan speaking 4 year olds. International Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 10(6), 379–391. | 20 | C, V, PCC, PVC | |
Samoan | Hovdhaugenaugen, E. & Simonsen, H. (1987). On the acquisition of t- and k-languages by Samoan children. In V. Rosen (Ed.), Papers from the 10th Scandinavian conference on linguistics (pp. 1–5). Department of Linguistics and Phonetics, University of Bergen. | 4 | C | - |
Sesotho | Demuth, K. (1992) Acquisition of Sesotho. In D. Slobin (Ed.), The cross-linguistic study of language acquisition (Vol. 3, pp. 557–638), Lawrence Erlbaum. | 4 | Spontaneous speech, grammatical development | |
Sesotho | Demuth, K. (1993) Issues in the acquisition of the Sesotho tonal system. Journal of Child Language 20, 275–301. | 1 | T | |
Sesotho | Demuth, K., Machobane, M., & Moloi, F. (2009). Learning how to license null noun-class prefixes in Sesotho. Language, 85(4), 864–883. | 3 | Noun class prefixes | |
SetswanaTswana | Mahura, O. (2021). The acquisition of Setswana phonology in children aged 2; 0–6;5 years. [Unpublished PhD dissertation]. University of Cape Town. | 81 | C, V, T, PCC, PVC, PPC, | |
SetswanaTswana | Mahura, O. O., & Pascoe, M. (2016). The acquisition of Setswana segmental phonology in children aged 3.0–6.0 years: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(6), 533–549. | 36 | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC | |
Slovenian | Božič Ranfl, A. (2016). Fonološki in fonetični razvoj otroškega govora: usvajanje slovenskega jezika pri otroku, starem od tri do štiri leta. [Master thesis]. Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta. | 1 | C, CC, WWM, PCC, PVC, syllables, stress, PMLU, PWP, phonological processes | |
Slovenian | Dolinar, M. Razumljivost govora predšolskih otrok. [Bachelor thesis]. Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta. | 223 | Intell | |
Slovenian | Ivetac, T. (2014). Razumljivost govora otrok v vsakdanjem življenju pri otrocih z govorno jezikovno motnjo: [Bachelor thesis, Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta]. PeFprints. | 257 | Intell | |
Slovenian | Kogovšek, D., Ozbič, M. (2013). Lestvica razumljivosti govora v vsakdanjem življenju: slovenščina = Intelligibility scale of everyday speech: slovene. Defektologica slovenica: revija defektologov in specialnih pedagogov Slovenije, 21 (1), 24-33. | 104 | Intell | |
Slovenian | Marin, A. (2013). Fonološki (govorni) razvoj otrok med 2;5. in 5;7. letom starosti: transkripcija govora. [Phonological (speech) development of children between 2;5 and 5;7 years of age: The transcription of speech]. [Bachelor thesis, Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta]. | 70 | C, CC, WWM, phonological processes | |
Slovenian | Muznik, M. (2012). Fonološki razvoj otrok med 3. in 7. letom starosti (transkripcija govora) [Phonological development of children between 3 and 7 years of age (transcription of speech].[Bachelor thesis, Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta]. | 54 | C, CC | |
Slovenian | Ozbič M., Kogovšek D., Stemberger J. P., Bernhardt B. M., Muznik M. & Novšak Brce J. (2018). Word-initial rhotics in Slovenian 4-year olds with typical versus protracted phonological development, Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 32(5-6), 523-543. | 32 | C, CC | |
Slovenian | Ozbič, M., Kogovšek, D., Novšak Brce, J., Bernhardt, M. B., Stemberger, J. P., Muznik, M., Marin, A. (2014). Fonološki procesi v govoru slovenskih predšolskih otrok: Epenteza [Phonological processes in speech of Slovenian preschool children: Epenthesis]. In Devjak, T. (Ed.). Sodobni pedagoški izzivi v teoriji in praksi (pp. 277-305). Pedagoška fakulteta. | 54 | Phonological processes | |
Slovenian | Ozbič, M., Kogovšek, D., Novšak Brce, J., Marin, A., Bernhardt, Handford B., Stemberger, J. P. (2015). Slovenian phonological development and parent-rated intelligibility in pre-schoolers. International Symposium on Monolingual and Bilingual Speech. | 54 | C, CC, Intell | |
Slovenian | Ozbič, M., Kogovšek, D., Novšak Brce, J., Muznik, M., Marin, A., Bernhardt, M. B., & Stemberger, J. P. (2014). Analiza fonološkega razvoja otrok: mere ujemanja. Komunikacija, 3(6), 28–39. | 54 | WWM | |
Slovenian | Ozbič, M., Kogovšek, D., Novšak Brce, J., Muznik, M., Marin, A., Stemberger, J. P., & Bernhardt, M. B. (2015). Fonološki razvoj predšolskih otrok: Ssičniki, šumniki, zlitniki. In T. Devjak (Ed.), Vpliv družbenih sprememb na vzgojo in izobraževanje (pp. 221–237). Pedagoška fakulteta. | 54 | C, CC, phonological processes | |
Slovenian | Ozbič, M., Kogovšek, D., Novšak Brce, J., Muznik, M., Stemberger, J. P., Bernhardt, B. H. (2015). Sliding articulation in Slovenian preschool children, aged from 3 to 7 years. International Symposium on Monolingual and Bilingual Speech. | 72 | C, CC, phonological processes | |
Slovenian | Ozbič, M., Kogovšek, D., Novšak Brce, J., Muznik, M., Stemberger, J. P, Bernhardt, M. B.. Razvoj sičnikov, šumnikov in zlitnikov pri slovenskih predšolskih otrocih. In M. Smolej (Ed.). Slovnica in slovar - aktualni jezikovni opis. (pp. 543-552). Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultetepp. | 54 | C, CC, phonological processes | |
Slovenian | Ravnikar, J. (2015). Stopnja razumljivosti govora predšolskega otroka.[Bachelor thesis, Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta]. PeFprints. | 46 | Intell | |
Slovenian | Škofic, M. (2015). Vpliv pogostih vnetij ušes na fonološki razvoj predšolskega otroka.[The influence of frequent ear infections on the phonological development of a preschool child]. [Bachelor thesis, Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta]. | 9 | C, CC, Intell, WWM phonological processes | |
Slovenian | Bernhardt, M. B., Bérubé, D., Lleó, C., Másdóttir, T., Ozbič, M., Ramalho, M., Stemberger, J. P., Vivar, P. (2014). Word-initial rhotic cluster acquisition in European Portuguese, Icelandic, Slovene, Spanish and Zapotec: 15th ICPLA Conference, Stockholm, Sweden. | 54 | C/r/ | |
Spanish – Andalusian: Granada | Bernhardt, B. M., Raymond, G., Ávila, C., Cáceres Serrano, P., Carballo, G., Fresneda, D., Mendzoa, E., Hoang, K., Liu, L., Muñoz, J., Pérez, D. & Stemberger, J. P. (2023). Singleton consonant onset acquisition in monolingual Granada Spanish-speaking preschoolers with typical versus protracted phonological development: Impacts of word structure and feature constraints. Journal of Child Language, Advance online publication. | 30 + (29 SSD) | C | |
Spanish – Andalusian: Granada | Carballo, G., & Mendoza, E. (2000). Acoustic characteristics of trill productions by groups of Spanish children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 14(8), 587-601. | 45 | C | |
Spanish – Castilian | Aguilar, E., & Serra, M. (2003). Análisis del retraso del habla. Publicacions i Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona. | 106 | C, CC, V | |
Spanish – Castilian | Albalá, M., Marrero, V., & Cappelli, G. (1996). Procesos fonológicos en dos niños de 2 a 6 años (pp. 87-102). Universidad Santiago de Compostela. | 2 | C, CC, V | |
Spanish – Castilian | Bosch, L. (2004). Evaluación fonológica del habla infantil. Masson. | 293 | C, CC, V | - |
Spanish – Castilian | Diez-Itza, E., & Martínez, V. (2004). Las etapas tardías de la adquisición fonológica: procesos de reducción de grupos consonánticos. Anuario de Psicología, 35, 177-202. | 240 | CC | - |
Spanish – Castilian | Diez-Itza, E., Martínez, V., Cantora, R., Justicia, F., & Bosch, L. (2001). Late phonological processes in the acquisition of Spanish. In M. Almgren, A. Barrera, M. J. Ezeizabarrena, I. Idiazabal & B. Macwhinney (Eds.). Research on child language acquisition, (pp. 790-799). Cascadilla Press. | 60 | C, CC, V | |
Spanish – Castilian | Fernández-López, I. (2007). La adquisición del sistema fonológico en niños castellanohablantes, perfiles y condicionamientos [Tesis doctoral inédita] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. | 71 | C, CC, V | |
Spanish – Castilian | Lorenzo Herrera, L. (2019). Procesos de desarrollo fonológico en etapas tempranas: una comparativa interlingüística entre el inglés, el castellano y el portugués [Tesis doctoral inédita] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. | 12 | C, CC, V | |
Spanish – Castilian | Martínez, V. (2010). Etapas tardías del desarrollo fonológico infantil: procesos y límites del trastorno [Tesis doctoral inédita] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Oviedo. | 240 | C, CC, V | |
Spanish – Chilean | Coloma, C. J., Pavez, M. M., Maggiolo, M. & Peñaloza, C. (2010). Desarrollo fonológico en niños de 3 y 4 años según la fonología natural: Incidencia de la edad y del género. Revista Signos. 43(72), 31–48. | 180 | Phonological simplification processes | |
Spanish – Chilean | Hamdan, N., Soto-Barba, J., Sáez-Carrillo, K., & Riffo, B. (2020). Desempeño fonético-fonológico y léxico-semántico en un grupo de preescolares de sectores vulnerables de la provincia de Concepción: Incidencia del sexo y relación entre los niveles lingüísticos. Nueva revista del Pacífico, 73, 356–377. | 30 | Phonetic-phonological processes | |
Spanish – Chilean | León, H. (2012). Ajustes fonético-fonológicos en niños(as) de habla normal entre 3 a 4 años y 4 a 5 años. [Tesis Doctoral], Universidad de Concepción. | 18 | Phonetic-phonological processes | |
Spanish – Chilean | León, H., Soto-Barba, J. & Ñanculeo, M. (2019). Phonetic-phonological adjustments in children with typical speech between 3 to 4 and 4 to 5 years old, Onomázein, 43, 200–222 | 18 | Phonetic-phonological processes | |
Spanish – Chilean | Pavez G. M. M., Coloma, T. C. J., Maggiolo, L. M., & Peñaloza, C. C. (2013). Procesos de simplificación fonológica en niños de 4, 5 y 6 años con dificultades fonológicas. Revista Chilena De Fonoaudiología, 12, 49–61. | 34 | Phonological simplification processes | |
Spanish – Chilean | Pérez, D., Vivar, P., Bernhardt, B. M., Mendoza, E., Ávila, C., Carballo, G., Fresneda, D., Muñoz, J., & Vergara, P. (2018). Word-initial rhotic clusters in Spanish-speaking preschoolers in Chile and Granada, Spain. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 32(5–6), 481–505. | 9 TD; 30 TD; 29SSD | CCV | |
Spanish – Chilean | Soto-Barba, J., León, H. & Torres, V. (2011). Una propuesta para la clasificación de los ajustes fonético-fonológicos del habla infantil (CLAFF). Onomázein 23(1), 69-79. | 1 | Phonetic-phonological processes | |
Spanish – Chilean | Torres-Bustos, V. & Soto-Barba, J. (2016). Ajustes fonético-fonológicos en niños con trastornos específicos del lenguaje mixtos (TEL Mixto). Onomázein, 33, 69–87. | 6 DLD | Phonetic-phonological processes | |
Spanish – Chilean | Vergara, P. (2014). Patrones Fonológicos en niños entre 3;0 y 5;11 años con desarrollo típico del lenguaje que asisten a jardines infantiles de Puerto Montt según el enfoque de la Fonología no lineal y natural [Tesis de Magíster inédita] Universidad de Valparaíso. | 30 TD | C, V, CC, WWM, WSM, CCV | - |
Spanish – Chilean | Vergara, P., Bernhardt, B. M., Pérez, D., Vivar, P., & Diez-Itza, E. (2021). Consonant cluster acquisition in Chilean children with typical and protracted phonological development Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 35(10), 964–982. | 20 TD; 20 SSD | CCV | |
Spanish – Chilean | Vergara, P., Pérez, D., Torres-Bustos, V., & Diez-Itza, E. (2023). Patrones fonológicos de los grupos consonánticos en niños chilenos: Transición crítica en las etapas tardías de adquisición. Onomázein | 20 TD | CCV | |
Spanish – Chilean | Vivar, P. (2009). Evaluación de grupos consonánticos de ataque complejo en un grupo de niños de la ciudad de Concepción con prueba articulatoria CEFI. Onomázein, 20, 33–44. | 72 | CCV | |
Spanish – Chilean | Vivar, P. & León H. (2007). Aplicación del Cuestionario para la evaluación de la Fonología Infantil (CEFI) a una muestra de niños chilenos. Revista Chilena de Fonoaudiología, 8(1), 17–31. | 72 | C, CVV, CCV | |
Spanish – Chilean | Vivar, P. & León, H. (2009). Desarrollo fonológico-fonético en un grupo de niños entre 3 y 5,11 años. Revista CEFAC, 11(2), 190–198. | 72 | C | |
Spanish – Chilean, Castilian | Vergara, P. (2021). Patrones Fonológicos comparados: Desarrollo típico, Desarrollo Prolongado y Síndrome de Down [Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Oviedo]. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Oviedo. | 92 TD; 21 SSD; 24 DS | C, V, CCV, CVV, S, WWM, WSM | |
Spanish – Chilean, Eastern Andalusian: Granada | Pérez, D., Vivar, P., Bernhardt, B.M., Mendoza, E., Ávila, C., Carballo, G., Fresneda, D., Muñoz, J., & Vergara, P. (2018). Word-initial rhotic clusters in Spanish-speaking preschoolers in Chile and Granada, Spain. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 32(5-6), 481-505. | 30 + (29 SSD, Spain; 39, Chile) | CC | |
Spanish – Eastern Andalusian: Granada | Bernhardt, B. M., Hanson, R., Pérez, D., Ávila, C., Lleó, C., Stemberger, J. P., Carballo, G., Mendoza, E., Fresneda, D., & Chávez‐Peón, M. (2015). Word structures of Granada Spanish‐speaking preschoolers with typical versus protracted phonological development. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 50(3), 298-311. | 30 + (29, SSD) | C+ | |
Spanish – Eastern Andalusian: Granada (Español) + | Bernhardt, B. M., & Stemberger, J. P. (2017). Investigating typical and protracted phonological development across languages. In E. Babatsouli, D. Ingram & N. Müller (Eds.) Crosslinguistic encounters in language acquisition: Typical and atypical development (pp. 71-108). Multilingual Matters. | 29 + (30 SSD, Spain; 31, China) | Diphthongs | |
Spanish – Málaga | González, M.J. (1989). Análisis del desarrollo fonológico en sujetos malagueños. [Analysis of the phonological development of children from Málaga]. Infancia y aprendizaje, 48(12), 7-24. | 198 | C | |
Spanish – Mexican | Acevedo, M. A. (1988). Development of Spanish consonants in three to five year olds. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Boston. | 5 | C | - |
Spanish – Mexican | Acevedo, M. A. (1993). Development of Spanish consonants in preschool children. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders 15(2), 9-15. | No data | C | |
Spanish – Mexican | Aguilar Ruiz, M. (2012). La entonación del habla infantil de la ciudad de Puebla. Tesis de Licenciatura. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. | 8 | Intonation | |
Spanish – Mexican | Arellanes, F., Meneses S. & Herrasti, L. (2004). Las líquidas en el habla de niños de la ciudad de México. En R. Barriga (Ed.). El habla infantil en cuatro dimensiones (pp. 15-47). El Colegio de México. | 12 | C | |
Spanish – Mexican | Ávila, S. (2004). Vacilación y entonación. Datos en el habla infantil mexicana. In R. Barriga (Ed.), El habla infantil en cuatro dimensiones (pp. 49-80). El Colegio de México. | 6 | Intonation | |
Spanish – Mexican | Barriga, R. (2016). Prólogo. Ires y venires del desarrollo lingüístico infantil. In R. Barriga (Ed.). Lenguaje en Movimiento (pp. 11-25).El Colegio de México. | No data | C, V | |
Spanish – Mexican | Beltrán-Navarro, B., González-Reyes, A. L., Matute, E., Rosselli, M. (2016). El desarrollo de habilidades de conciencia fonológica de niños mexicanos de 2 años y 6 meses a 5 años y 11 meses de edad. Edupsykhé. Revista de Psicología y Educación, 15(1), 31-51. | 411 | Phonological awareness | |
Spanish – Mexican | Calderón, G., Carrillo, M., & Rodríguez, M. (2006). La conciencia fonológica y el nivel de escritura silábico: un estudio con niños preescolares. Límite. Revista de Filosofía y Psicología, 1 (13), 81-100. | 40 | Phonological awareness | - |
Spanish – Mexican | Chávez-Peón, M., Bernhardt, B.M., Adler-Bock, M., Ávila, C., Carballo, C., Fresneda, M., Lleó, C. Mendoza, E., Pérez, D. & Stemberger, J. (2012). A Spanish pilot investigation for a crosslinguistic study in protracted phonological development, Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 26(3), 255-272. | 117 | C, V, syllable structure | |
Spanish – Mexican | Cortés Monter, D. (2015). Recuperación de conocimiento semántico, fonológico y de forma mediante el rastreo visual de imágenes y palabras en niños escolares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. | 194 | C, V, syllable structure | |
Spanish – Mexican | Cortés, D., Angulo, A. & Arias, N. (2017). Differences between skilled and less-skilled young readers in the retrieval of semantic, phonological, and shape in formation. Journal of Research in Reading, 40(1), 170-189. | 194 | C, V, syllable structure | |
Spanish – Mexican | De la Mora, A. (2018). La adquisición de la estructura silábica en niños preescolares de la Ciudad de México. Fuentes Humanísticas, 30 (56), 159-178. | 50 | Syllable structure | |
Spanish – Mexican | De la Mora, J. (1998). Los procesos fonológicos en la adquisición del español en niños de entre tres y cuatro años. Colegio Superior de Neurolingüística y Psicopedagogía. | 180 | C, V, syllable structure | |
Spanish – Mexican | Eblen, R. (1982). A study of the acquisition of fricatives by three-year-old children learning Mexican Spanish. Language and Speech, 25(3), 201-202. | 6 | C | |
Spanish – Mexican | Ferreiro, E. (2013). Entre la sílaba oral y la palabra escrita. En E. Ferreiro (Ed.). El ingreso a la escritura y a las culturas de lo escrito: textos de investigación (pp. 109-120). Siglo XXI. | No data | C, V, orthography | |
Spanish – Mexican | Flores Hernández, A. & Ramírez Hernández, E. (2016). Teoría universalista de Jakobson y orden de adquisición de los fonemas consonánticos del español mexicano: estudio de caso. Onomázein. Revista semestral de lingüística, filología y traducción,34, 1-7. | 2 | C, V, syllable structure | |
Spanish – Mexican, Puerto Rican | Goldstein, B. (2007). Phonological skills in Puerto Rican and Mexican Spanish- speaking children with phonological disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 21(2), 93–109. | 12 | C | |
Spanish – Mexican | Jiménez, B. C. (1987). Acquisition of Spanish consonants in children aged 3-5 years, 7 months. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 18, 357-362. | 120 | C | |
Spanish – Mexican | Macken, M. (1979). Developmental reorganization of phonology: a hierarchy of basic units of acquisition. Lingua 49, 11-49. | 1 | C | |
Spanish – Mexican | Martínez, R. & Alcaraz, V. (1998). La fonología de las primeras palabras del español de la Ciudad de México: una relectura a lo propuesto por Roman Jakobson. Estudios sobre la adquisición de algunas lenguas de México. Número Especial. Función, 18, 21-34. | 7 | C, V | |
Spanish – Mexican | Narváez, S. (2012). Desarrollo fonológico y prágmatico del habla infantil: un estudio de caso longitudinal. B.A. thesis. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. | 4 | C, V, prosody, syllable, | |
Spanish – Mexican | Oropeza, M. (1987). El curso del desarrollo consonántico en niños hispanohablantes de dos a seis años de edad. B.A. thesis. Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa. | 55 | C, CC | - |
Spanish – Mexican | Oropeza, M. (2000). Factores lingüísticos que inciden en el desarrollo fonológico: Reflexiones a partir de un estudio con niños de dos a seis años que adquieren el español como lengua materna. Lingüística Mexicana, 1(2), 229-246. | 55 | C, V, prosody, syllable, | |
Spanish – Mexican | Oropeza, M. (2001). Adquisición de la estructura silábica del español en niños de dos a seis años. Colección Pedagógica Universitaria, 36. Universidad Veracruzana. | 55 | C, CC; syllable structure | - |
Spanish – Mexican | Oropeza, M. (2001a). Relaciones secuenciales y procesos fonológicos en la adquisición del español como lengua materna. InC. Rojas & L. de León (Eds.). La adquisición de la lengua materna: español, lenguas mayas, euskera. (pp. 125-139). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Centro de Investigaciones Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. | No data | C | - |
Spanish – Mexican | Oropeza, M. (2017). Adquisición de las consonantes líquidas en el español de México. Revista de Investigación Educativa 25, 169-196. | 55 | C | |
Spanish – Mexican | Oropeza, M. (2021). Adquisición de los segmentos y secuencias consonánticos del español desde la perspectiva de la Teoría de la Optimalidad. Lingüística Mexicana. Nueva Época, III, 2, 31-45. | 55 | syllable, word, C, V | |
Spanish – Mexican | Rojas-Nieto, C. (2011). En los límites de la palabra. Un problema en la adquisición temprana del lenguaje. In F. Arellanes, S. Ibáñez y C. Rojas-Nieto (Eds.), De morfología y temas asociados. Homenaje a Elisabeth Beniers (pp. 261-287). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. | No data | Prosody | - |
Spanish – Mexican | Salgado, K. (2017). Dificultad de articulación del fonema vibrante alveolar simple y múltiple durante la etapa de adquisición del lenguaje. B.A. Thesis. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. | 42 | C | |
Spanish – Mexican | Vernon, S. (1997). La relación entre la conciencia fonológica y los niveles de conceptualización de la escritura. B.A. Thesis. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. | 40 | C, V, syllable structure | |
Spanish – Mexican | Villalobos, L. (2014). Influencia prosódica en la adquisición de clíticos nominales. M.A. Thesis. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. | 1 | Syllable | - |
Spanish – Mexican | Villalobos, L. (2019). La marcación de foco en el habla dirigida a niños: marcos léxicos y estrategias prosódicas. In V. Belloro (Ed.). La Interfaz Sintaxis-Pragmática Estudios teóricos, descriptivos y experimentales (pp. 283-210). De Gruyter. | 3 | Prosody | - |
Spanish – Mexican | Villalobos, L. (2021a). Prosodia de la expresión temprana del foco informativo y del foco contrastivo en español. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. | 3 | C, V | |
Spanish – Mexican | Villalobos, L. (2021b). Interacción, léxico y prosodia en la expresión temprana del foco informativo en español. Signos Lingüísticos, 17, 33, 110-151. | 3 | C, V | |
Spanish – Peruvian | Susaníbar Chavez, F., Huamaní Condori, O., & Dioses Chocano, A. (2013). Adquisición fonética-fonológica. Instituto Psicopedagógico EOS Perú, 1, 19–36. | 259 | V, C, CC | |
Spanish – Seville | Gómez Fernández, D. (1997). El proceso de adquisición de los grupos consonánticos en los niños de la provincia de Sevilla [Acquisition of consonant clusters by children in the province of Seville]. Cauce, 20-21(2), 623-702. | 104 | CC | |
Spanish – Seville | Gómez Fernández, D. (2007). El proceso de adquisición de los alófonos fricativos en los niños de Sevilla y su provincia (I): desde los 12 a los 24 meses [Acquisition of fricatives by children in Seville and province (I): from 12 to 24 months]. Cauce, 30, 97-146. | 17 | C | |
Spanish – Seville | Gómez Fernández, D. (2010). El proceso de adquisición de los alófonos fricativos en los niños de Sevilla y su provincia (II): durante los 25, 26 y 27 meses [Acquisition of fricative allophones in children from Seville province (II): From 25 to 27 months]. Cauce, 33,257-286. | 6 | C | |
Spanish – Seville | Navarro, P. M. (2007). Adquisición del lenguaje: Orden de adquisición de las consonantes en la lengua española. [Language acquisition: Order of consonant acquisition in Spanish]. CAUCE, Revista Internacionul de Filología y su Didáctica, 30(1), 297-336. | 1 | C | |
Swahili | Gangji, N., Pascoe, M., & Smouse, M. (2014). Swahili speech development: Preliminary normative data from typically developing pre-school children in Tanzania. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 50(2), 151-164. | 24 | C, CC, V, PCC, PVC | |
Swedish | Lagerberg, T. B., Anrep-Nordin, E., Emanuelsson, H., & Strömbergsson, S. (2021). Parent rating of intelligibility: A discussion of the construct validity of the Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS) and normative data of the Swedish version of the ICS. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 56, 873-886 | 319 | Intell | |
Swedish | Lohmander, A., Lundeborg, I., & Persson, C. (2017). SVANTE – The Swedish Articulation and Nasality Test – normative data and a minimum standard set for cross-linguistic comparison. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 31, 137–154. | 443 | PCC, Intell | |
Swedish | Lohmander, Olsson, M., & Flynn, T. (2011). Early consonant production in Swedish infants with and without unilateral cleft lip and palate and two-stage palatal repair. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 48, 271–285. | 21 | C | |
Swedish | Lundeborg Hammarström, I. (2019). LINUS 2.0 – Linköpingsundersökningen. [A phonological test for children from 3 years of age]. Karolinska Institutet. | 495 | C, CC, V, WWA, WWM, WSM | |
Swedish | Persson, Flynn, T., Miniscalco, C., & Lohmander, A. (2022). Impact of auditory variables on consonant production in babbling and early speech in children with moderate hearing loss: A longitudinal study. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 36 (10), 833-848. | 11 | C | |
Swedish | Rex, S., Hansson, K., Strand, E., & McAllister, A. (2021). Performance of Swedish children on a dynamic motor speech assessment, International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 23, 453-464. | 94 | PCC, PVC | |
Swedish | Strömbergsson, S., Götze, J., Edlund, J., & Nilsson Björkenstam, K. (2021). Simulating speech error patterns across languages and different datasets. Language and Speech 65, 105–142. | N/A | phonological processes | |
Tagalog/ Filipino | Everatt, J., Smythe, I., Ocampo, D., and Gyamarthy, E. (2004). Issues in the assessment of literacy-related difficulties across language backgrounds: A cross-linguistic comparison. Journal of Research in Reading, 27(2), 141–151. | 27 | Phonological awareness and processing | |
Tagalog/ Filipino | Jacinto, P., Aba, J. A., Grimaldo, Y., Huang, E. D., Tañedo, E. J. & Trieste, E. (2020). A secondary data analysis describing the syllable structure exhibited by four-year-old Filipino-dominant speaking children [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]. University of Santo Tomas. | 19 | Word structure | - |
Tagalog/ Filipino | Jacinto, P., Maximo, C., Alejandrino, M, Ching, P., Baroro, K., Lee, G., Mandap, C., Masangkay, C., Masmela, P., Quinia, S., Siy, S., & Vigilia, A. (2017). Phonological development of Filipino-language dominant four-year old children in Metro Manila [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]. University of Santo Tomas. | 100 | Phonemic inventory, phonological changes | - |
Tagalog/ Filipino | Limbo, L. A., Mallari, G. P. & Pineda, V. I. (2005). Occurrence of phonological processes among normally developing Filipino children aged 3 to 5 years old through spontaneous speech sampling [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]. University of the Philippines Manila | 24 | Phonological changes | |
Tagalog/ Filipino | Maximo, C. C., Bondoc, M. J., Samarista, E., Mandocdoc, M. J., Marcelino, M. J. C., Quimpo, A., Tan, R. M. & Tuquero, J. T. (2017). Speech intelligibility of typically-developing Filipino language dominant children aged 4 years old enrolled in ECCD-monitored daycare centers in Metro Manila: A secondary data analysis. [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]. University of Santo Tomas. | 19 | Intell | - |
Tagalog/ Filipino | Riguer, K.L. & Panganiban, K.A.B. (2004). The study of phonemic acquisition among normally developing Filipino children aged 2-5 years old [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]. University of the Philippines Manila. | 80 | C | |
Tagalog/ Filipino + English + Spanish | Montanari, S. (2005). Sol!, GANDA, Cute!: A longitudinal study of language choice in a developing trilingual child. In J. Cohen, K. McAlister, K. Rolstad, & J. MacSwan (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism (pp. 1662–1678). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. | 1 | Intell | |
Tamil | Barathy, R. (2001). Development of phonological processes in 3-4 year old normal Tamil speaking children. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Mysore. | 30 | phonological processes | |
Tamil | Bathina, S., Garibaldi, A., & Venkatesh, L. (2023). Validation of the Intelligibility in Context Scale in Tamil (ICS-Tamil) and insights into children’s speech sound accuracy. Speech, Language and Hearing, 26(1), 61-73. | 125 | Intell, PCC, PVC, PPC | |
Tamil | Dhanavendan, K., & Raja, L. R. (2016). Phonological processes of 2.6 to 6 years old typically developing Tamil speaking children. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies, 3(5), 199-204. | 30 | PP | |
Tamil | Hariharan, S. V. (2018). Early speech and language development in children with cleft lip and palate A longitudinal study. [Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research]. Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre. | 10 | PI | |
Tamil | Nisthar, N. R. (2005). Development of phonological processes in Tamil speaking children between 2.6 and 5 years: A cross sectional study. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Manipal University. | 54 | phonological processes | - |
Tamil | Perumal, R. C. (2018). Consonant acquisition and phonological processes in typically developing Tamil-speaking children. [Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research]. Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre. | 450 | C, phonological processes | |
Tamil | Rajakumari, J., Amritha, M. L., & Sushmi, S. C. (2018). Phonological process in Tamil speaking monolingual and bilingual children: A comparative study. Language in India, 18(5), 202-209. | 100 | phonological processes | |
Tamil | Sadhana, C. (2016). Screening for speech sound disorders in Tamil among school going children: A preliminary study. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Sri Ramachandra University. | 130 | C, PCC | - |
Tamil | Usha, D. (1986). A Test of Articulation in Tamil. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Mysore. | 180 | C | |
Tamil | Venkatesh, L., Ramsankar, S., Nagaraja, M. N. & Srinivasan, P. (2010). Phonological processes in typically developing Tamil Speaking children and Tamil-Telugu bilingual children. Journal of Indian Speech and Hearing Association, 24(2), 121-133. | 60 | phonological processes | - |
Telugu | Chervela, N. (1981). Medial consonant cluster acquisition by Telugu children. Journal of Child Language, 8(1), 63-73. | 4 | CC | |
Thai | Boonyathitisuk, P. (1982). Articulatory characteristics of kindergarten children aged three to four years eleven months in Bangkok. Unpublished master’s thesis, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. | 1032 | C, CC | - |
Thai | Manochiopinig, S., Pracharitpukdee, N., and Lertsarunyapong, S. (1998). The articulation characteristics of normal Thai children aged 3-10 years assessing by using the Thai Articulation Test (TAT), Siriraj Hospital Gazette, 50(8), 763–769. | 560 | C | |
Thai | Muknguen, S. (1980). Articulatory characteristics of school children aged three to eight years in Phaya-Thai area. Unpublished master’s thesis, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. | 400 | C | - |
Tok Pisin –Western Highlands Province | Boer, J. M, Claessen, M., Williams C. (2022). Acquisition of Tok Pisin phonology in the multilingual highlands of Papua New Guinea. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24(3), 283-293. | 80 | C, CC, PCC, PPC | |
Turkish – Standard | Acarlar, F., & Ege, P. (1996). Türkçe kazanımında kullanılan fonolojik süreçlerin incelenmesi. [Investigation of phonological processes in acquisition of Turkish]. Turkish Journal of Psychology 11(38), 35-43 | 20 | C, PCC | |
Turkish – Standard | Biçer, M. (2020). 2-8 yaş arasındaki çocukların fonolojik gelişimlerinin phon yazılımı ile incelenmesi [Investigation of the phonological development of children between 2-8 years old via Phon software]. [Unpublished master’s dissertation], İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye. | 120 | C, PPC | |
Turkish – Standard | Ege, P. (2010). Türkçe’deki ünsüzlerin edinimi: Bir norm çalismasi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 25(65), 16. | 1359 | C, PCC | |
Turkish – Standard | Kopkallı-Yavuz, H., & Topbaş, S. (2000). Children’s preferences in early phonological acquisition: How does it reflect sensitivity to the ambient language. Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages. Turcologica, 291-299. | 30 | C, CC | |
Turkish – Standard | Topbaş, S. (1997). Turkish children’s phonological acquisition: Implications for phonological disorders. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 32, 377–397. | 22 | C, PCC | |
Turkish – Standard | Topbaş, S. (1998). Konusma sorunlu çocukların sesbilgisel çözümleme yöntemi ile degerlendirilmesi. [Assessment of speech disordered children by phonological analysis]. Anadolu University Press. | 20 | C, PCC | - |
Turkish – Standard | Topbaş, S. (2006). Türkçe Sesletim-Sesbilgisi Testi: Geçerlik- Güvenirlik ve Standardizasyon Çalişmasi. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi 21(58),39–58. | 665 | C, CC, PCC | |
Turkish – Standard | Topbaş, S., & Kopkallı-Yavuz, H. (1998). The onset of a linguistic system: Is there evidence from the acquisition of final devoicing in Turkish? In A. Sorace, C. Heycock, & R. Shillcock (Eds), Proceedings of the Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition Conference. (pp. 284–290). Edinburgh University Human Communication Centre Press. | 30 | C | |
Urdu | Abbasi, K. (2017). Phonological processes of Urdu language in typically developing children aged between 5;01–6;12 years [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Pakistan. | 120 | phonological processes | |
Urdu | Ali, Z. (2017). Acquisition of Urdu consonants in 5;1–6;12 years old typically developing children [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Pakistan. | 120 | C, PPC, PCC | |
Urdu | Ambreen, S., & To, C. K. S. (2021). Phonological development in Urdu-speaking children: A systematic review. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(11), 4213-4234. | 504 | C, PCC, PPC, phonological processes | |
Urdu | Mumtaz, R. (2017). Acquisition of Urdu consonants in typically developing 2–3 years old children [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Pakistan. | 24 | C, PPC, PCC | |
Urdu | Muzaffar, H., Iftikhar, N., Khan, M. S. G., & Malik, S. N. (2019). Development of articulation screening tool to assess the articulation errors in Urdu-speaking school-going children. UMT Education Review, 2(1), 23-37. | 200 | C | |
Urdu | Noveen, S., Butt, A. K., & Alam, M. B. (2017a). Development of a test for articulation and phonological disorders in Urdu-speaking children. The Journal of Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences, 5(2), 89–93. | 100 | phonological processes | |
Urdu | Noveen, S., Masood, T., & Habibullah, S. (2017b). Establishment of validity of a test for articulation and phonological disorders among bilingual children in Punjab and Baluchistan. International Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences, 6(02), 37-42. | 70 | phonological processes | |
Urdu | Zahra, N. (2016). Acquisition of Urdu consonants in typically developing children [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Pakistan. | 120 | C, PPC, PCC |
| Language (Dialect) | Reference | No. of participants | Acquisition data | Access information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Vietnamese – Central | Lee, S. A. S., Nguyen Phuoc, T. M., Truong Thi, N. Q., Dang Thi, H. T., Ho Thi, L. M., & Ha, N. C. (2024). Phonological acquisition in Vietnamese-speaking children with central dialect. Speech, Language and Hearing, 27(2), 87-103. | 80 | C, V, PCC, PVC, Phon pattern | |
Vietnamese – Northern | Luu, L. T. (1996). The language development stages of children aged 1-6 (based on samples of children’s language in Hanoi) [Những bước phát triển ngôn ngữ trẻ em từ 1 đến 6 tuổi (trên tư liệu ngôn ngữ trẻ em ở nội thành Hà Nội)]. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Hanoi University of Social Sciences and Humanity [Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn]. | 62 | C, V, T | - |
Vietnamese – Northern | Phạm, B., & McLeod, S. (2019). Vietnamese-speaking children’s acquisition of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones in Northern Viet Nam. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(8), 2645-2670. | 195 | C, V, T, PCC, PVC, PTC, Phon pattern | |
Vietnamese – Southern | Le, X. T. T. (2023). Investigation of speech acquisition of children in Ho Chi Minh City. [Unpublished masters dissertation], Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy. | 360 | C, V, T, PCC, PVC, PTC, Phon pattern | - |
Vietnamese – Southern | Le, X. T. T., McLeod, S., & Phạm, B. (2022). Consonant accuracy and intelligibility of Southern Vietnamese children. Speech, Language and Hearing, 25(3), 315-324. | 132 | PCC, PVC, PSVC, PTC, Intell | |
Vietnamese – Southern | Nguyen, K. T. L. & Pham, H. L. (2014). Common errors in 2-4-year-old children (in Ho Chi Minh City) [Lỗi phát âm âm tiết thường gặp ở trẻ 2-4 tuổi (tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh)]. Science Journal of Ho Chi Minh City University of Pedagogy[Tạp chí Khoa học trường Đại học Sư phạm thành phố Hồ Chí Minh], 57(91), 9-21. | 635 | Error types and frequencies (PCE, PVE, PTE) | - |
Vietnamese – Southern | Nguyen, K. T. L. (2011). Evaluation of the ability to articulate (pronounce) syllables of Vietnamese-speaking children in Kindergarten [Đánh giá khả năng phát âm âm tiết của trẻ mẫu giáo nói Tiếng Việt]. Language [Ngôn ngữ], 9, 6-17. | 303 | PCC, PVC, PTC | Journal article |
Vietnamese + English | Margetson, K., McLeod, S., & Verdon, S. (2023). Cross-linguistic transfer and ambient phonology: Impact on diagnosis of speech sound disorders in a longitudinal bilingual case study. Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech, 4(3), 311–339. | 1 child | C, PCC, phonological patterns | |
Vietnamese + English | Margetson, K., McLeod, S., & Verdon, S. (2024). Diagnosing speech sound disorder in bilingual Vietnamese-English-speaking children: Are English-only assessments sufficient? In E. Babatsouli (Ed.). Multilingual acquisition and learning: A ecosystemic view to diversity. (pp. 217-245). John Benjamins Publishing. | 4 children | C, PCC, Phon pattern, Intell | |
Vietnamese + English | McLeod, S., Margetson, K., Wang, C., Tran, V. H., Verdon, S., White, K., & Phạm, B. (2022). Speech acquisition within a 3-generation Vietnamese-English family: The influence of maturation and ambient phonology. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 36(4-5), 470-493. | 5 (2 children; 3 adults) | C, PCC, PVC, PTC | |
Vietnamese + English | McLeod, S., Verdon, S., Margetson, K., Tran, V. H., Wang, C., Phạm, B., To, L., & Huynh, K. (2023). Multilingual speech acquisition by Vietnamese-English–speaking children and adult family members. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(7), 2184-2229. | 154 (69 children, 85 adults) | C, CC, V, T, PCC, PVC, PTC, Phon pattern, Intell | |
Warlpiri | O’Shannessy, C., Davis, V., Bartlett, J., Nelson, A., & Foster, D. (2023). Developing the Little Kids’ Word List app, a fair assessment tool of communicative development for young Aboriginal children in multilingual families in Central Australia. Studies in Language Assessment, 12(2) | 4 | Input | |
Warlpiri | O’Shannessy, C., Li, S., Wood, B., Nelson, A., Bartlett, J., & Davis, V. (2024). Acquisition of Warlpiri consonants. Australian National University. | 21 | C, CC, PCC | - |
Welsh | Bellin, W. (1984). Welsh phonology in acquisition. In M. J. Ball, & G. E. Jones (Eds.), Welsh phonology (pp. 156-175). University of Wales Press. | 3 | C | - |
Welsh | Donohue, A., Holding, J., & Jones, V. (1983). Dyfed screening test of articulation and language. East Dyfed Health Authority. | 300 | C | - |
Welsh | Harrison, G., & Thomas, C. (1975). The acquisition of bilingual speech by infants. Final Report on SSRC Grant HR2104/1. [Social Science Research Council, UK] | 3 | C | - |
Welsh | Lewis, R. (2021). Early phonological development in children residing in Welsh-English communities: Typical and atypical patterns. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], Cardiff Metropolitan University. | 6 | C, W | |
Welsh | Mayr, R., Howells, G., & Lewis, R. (2015). Asymmetries in phonological development: The case of word-final cluster acquisition in Welsh-English bilingual children, Journal of Child Language, 42, 146-179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000913000603. | 40 | CC, PCCC | |
Welsh | Mayr, R., Jones, D. & Mennen, I. (2014). Speech learning in bilinguals: Consonant cluster acquisition, In E. Thomas, & I. Mennen (Eds.), Advances in the study of bilingualism (pp. 3-24). Multilingual Matters. | 41 | CC, PCCC | - |
Welsh | Munro, S., Ball, M. J., Müller, N., Duckworth, M. & Lyddy, F. (2005). Phonological acquisition in Welsh-English bilingual children. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders, 3, 24-49. | 83 | C, PCC | |
Xhosa | Gxilishe, S. (2004). The acquisition of clicks by Xhosa-speaking children. Per Linguam, 20,1–12. | 10 | C | |
Xhosa | Maphalala, Z., Pascoe, M., & Smouse, M. R. (2014). Phonological development of first language isiXhosa-speaking children aged 3;0–6;0 years: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 28(3), 176–194. | 24 | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC | |
Xhosa | Pascoe, M., Rossouw, K., Fish, L., Jansen, C., Manley, N., Powell, M., & Rosen, L. (2016). Speech processing and production in two-year-old children acquiring isiXhosa: A tale of two children. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 63(2), 1–15. | 2 | C, V | |
Xhosa | Tuomi, S., Gxilishe, S., & Matomela, L. (2001). The acquisition of Xhosa phonemes. Per Linguam, 17, 14–23 | 10 | C, V | |
Xhosa | Mowrer, D., & Burger, S. A. (1991). Comparative analysis of phonological acquisition of consonants in the speech of 2;5–6 year old Xhosa- and English-speaking children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 5,139–164. | 140 | C | |
Xhosa | Pascoe, M., Mahura, O., Le Roux, J., Danvers, E., de Jager, A., Esterhuizen, N., Naidoo, C., Reynders, J., Senior, S., & van der Merwe, A. (2017). Speech development in three-year-old children acquiring isiXhosa and English in South Africa. In E. Babatsouli, D. Ingram & N. Müller (Eds.), Crosslinguistic encounters in language acquisition: typical and atypical development (pp. 3–26). Multilingual Matters. | 33 | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC | |
Zapotec | Arias Lozano, Leonora P. (1999). Habilidades psicolingüísticas; Un estudio comparativo entre niños hispanohablantes mestizos y zapotecos. M.A. Thesis. Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. | 12 | Narrative | |
Zapotec | Poblano, A., Castro-Sierra, E., Arteaga, C. & Pérez, S. (2016). Lexical tonal discrimination in Zapotec children. A study of the theta rhythm.Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México, 73(2) 84-89. | 12 | Tone | |
Zapotec – Isthmus | Coronado, N. & Cardona, P. (2021). La segmentación entre palabras gráficas en producciones escritas de niños bilingües zapotecos. In K. Hess Zimmermann y L. J. Alarcón (Eds.). Desarrollo lingüístico tardío en poblaciones hispanohablantes (pp. 116-146). Comunicación Científica. | 28 | Orthography, syllable structure | |
Zapotec – Isthmus | Punaro, Ma. C. (2018). Análisis de la estructura narrativa de niños de habla zapoteca de la comunidad de San Blas Atempa, Oaxaca. M.A. Thesis. Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. | 23 | Narrative | |
Zapotec – Isthmus | Rodríguez, H. H. (2011). Lenguas amenazadas, la importancia de la documentación lingüística en México: Notas sobre el Zapoteco de unión Hidalgo, Oaxaca. B.A. Thesis. Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. | - | Revitalization | |
Zapotec – Lachixío | Sicoli, M. (2020). Saying and doing in Zapotec. Multimodality, resonance and the language of joint actions. Bloomsbury Academic. | - | - | |
Zapotec – Sierra de Juárez | Riestenberg, K. (2017). Acoustic salience and input frequency in L2 lexical tone learning: Evidence from a Zapotec revitalization program in San Pablo Macuiltianguis. Ph.D. dissertation, Georgetown University. | 7 | T | |
Zapotec – Sierra Sur | Juárez, B. (2018). La marcación de posesión en el zapoteco de coatecas altas, oaxaca: sistema adulto y producciones infantiles. M.A. Thesis. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS). | 3 | Possession | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Chávez-Peón, M. E., Stemberger, J. P., & Lee, F. (2010). Desarrollo fonológico del zapoteco de San Lucas Quiaviní. In A. J. De-la-Mora-Ochoa & A. López Guevara (Eds.) Rumbos de la lingüística (pp. 65-104). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. | 49 | C, V, tone, syllable | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Chávez-Peón, M.E., Manzano, M., San Giacomo, M. & Wagner, C. (2013, October). Cambio y variación de la i herida (/ɨ/) en el zapoteco de San Lucas Quiaviní. XII Congreso Nacional de Lingüística AMLA, Querétaro. | No data | C, V, tone, syllable | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Stemberger, J. P. & Chávez-Peón, M. E. (2018). Development of variability of lenis stops in Valley Zapotec, InC. Rojas-Nieto & E. Oropeza, (Eds.) Diferencias individuales en la adquisición del lenguaje. factores lingüísticos, cognitivos y socioambientales (pp. 383-423). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. | 5 | C | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Stemberger, J. P., & Chávez-Peón, M. E. (2014). Development of word-initial consonant clusters in Valley Zapotec: Universal versus language-specific effects of sonority. In M. Yavaʂ (Ed.), Unusual productions in phonology: Universals and language-specific considerations (pp. 49-69). Psychology Press. | 6 | C | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Stemberger, J. P., & Chávez-Peón, M. E. (2020). Voicing in ‘voiced’ ‘stops’ in valley zapotec: adults and very young children. In E. Babatsouli (Ed.). On under-reported monolingual child phonology. Multilingual Matters. | 6 | C | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Stemberger, J.P & Chávez Peón, M.E. (2014). Overgeneralization in the processing of complex forms in Valley Zapotec child language. Semantic considerations of lexical processing. The Mental Lexicon, 9(1), 107-130. | 5 | C, CV, VC | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Velasco, K., Gutiérrez, A., Silva-García, F. y Ramírez, N. (2016). “¿Espacio para el zapoteco?” Una mirada a la educación intercultural bilingüe en el preescolar de Teotitlán del Valle en Oaxaca, México. Voces y Silencios: Revista Latinoamericana de Educación, 7(2), 41-52. | No data | Orthography | |
Zulu | Jeggo, Z. (2016). The phonological development of typically developing first language Zulu-speaking children aged 2;6 - 6;5 years: a descriptive cross-sectional study. [Unpublished master’s dissertation, University of Cape Town]. | 32 | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC | |
Zulu | Naidoo, Y., Van der Merwe, A., Groenewald, E., & Naudé, E. (2005). Development of speech sounds and syllable structure of words in Zulu-speaking children. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 23(1), 59-79. | 18 | C, V | |
Zulu | Pascoe, M., & Jeggo, Z. (2019). Speech acquisition in monolingual children acquiring isiZulu in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech, 1(1), 94-117. | 32 | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC |
Dr Helen L. Blake, Dr Kathryn Crowe, authors of The Oxford Handbook of Speech Development in Languages of the World, and members of the International Expert Panel on Multilingual Children's Speech provided support for the creation of the information on this page.
McLeod, S. (Ed.). (2025). The Oxford Handbook of speech development in languages of the world. Oxford University Press.
Goldstein, B. A., & McLeod, S. (2012). Typical and atypical multilingual speech acquisition. In S. McLeod & B. A. Goldstein (Eds.), Multilingual aspects of speech sound disorders in children (pp. 84-100). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
McLeod, S. (Ed.). (2007). The international guide to speech acquisition. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning.
McLeod, S. (2010). Laying the foundations for multilingual acquisition: An international overview of speech acquisition. In M. Cruz-Ferreira (Ed.), Multilingual norms (pp. 53-71). Frankfurt: Peter Lang Publishing.
McLeod, S. (2024). Multilingual speech acquisition studies. Charles Sturt University. http://www.csu.edu.au/research/multilingual-speech/speech-acq-studies